Design, synthesis, molecular docking and DFT studies on novel melatonin and isatin based azole derivatives

In order to address the pressing demand for newer broad-spectrum antifungal medicines with enhanced activity, computer modelling was utilised to rationally develop newer antifungal azole-based drugs. Based on the drug and active sites of the Lanosterol 14 alpha-Demethylases (LAD) of the prominent fungal pathogen Candida albicans interaction, Novel triazole-linked melatonin and isatin derivatives 7a-d and 8a-d were synthesised using bioisosterism. Besides the experimental synthesis and subsequent characterization, the present study focused on obtaining optimised geometries, frequency calculations, and TD-DFT studies of the synthesised molecules. We also performed molecular docking studies to explore the inhibitory ability of the synthesised compounds against the active sites of the Lanosterol 14 alpha-Demethylases (LAD) of the prominent fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The binding interactions resulted in positive findings, demonstrating the involvement of the synthesised compounds in the suppression of fungal growth. Comparative analysis of the binding potential of the synthesised molecules and commercially available drug fluconazole revealed a remarkable note: the docking scores for the designed drugs 7b, 7c, and 8c are much greater than those of the fluconazole molecule. The in silico study of the designed series of drug molecules serves as an important guideline for further exploration in the quest for potent antifungal agents.

An Overview of Recent Advances in Hantzsch’s Multicomponent Synthesis of 1,4- Dihydropyridines: A Class of Prominent Calcium Channel Blockers

Abstract:

Among all the heterocyclic scaffolds, 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHPs) is an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds possessing prominent therapeutic effects, which play an essential role in pharmaceutical chemistry. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have proven to be an invaluable tool for swiftly synthesizing large and structurally diverse molecules from simple starting materials. The chemists have discovered a large number of new MCRs for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine. The synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine via multicomponent reaction is an efficient procedure in terms of delivering adequate structural diversity, which is essential for the process of discovering new 1,4-DHPs compounds and their therapeutics.1,4-dihydropyridines are well-known L-type calcium channel blockers. This review aims to study and summarize the recent developments in the multicomponent synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines and their fused analogs that act as potent antihypertensive drugs. The findings of this study will prove to be an invaluable resource for researchers in the areas of heterocyclic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and drug design.

Synthesis of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole-based structural isomers with promising antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani

In order to explore new antifungal agrochemicals, we reported the synthesis of two series 5a-f, 6 and 7a-f, 8 of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivative-based structural isomers using a molecular hybridization approach. The synthesized compounds were tested for fungal growth inhibition against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. All the synthesized compounds showed excellent antifungal activity in their minimum concentrations (10-0.62 μM). Among all the synthetics, compounds 5b (ED50: 2.33 μM), 5f (ED50: 0.96 μM), and 7f (ED50: 1.48 μM) exerted a superior inhibitory effect in comparison to the commercially available fungicide, hexaconazole (ED50: 2.44 μM). The binding interactions of the active compounds 5f, 7f, 6, and 8 within the active site of the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme were studied with the help of molecular docking studies. The studies revealed that these hybrid pharmacophores could be used as an important intermediate to demonstrate new structural isomer-based fungicides.