Assessing torsion of the medial cortex of the canine tibia using computed tomography multiplanar reconstruction

OBJECTIVES

To describe a protocol for the measurement of tibial rotational alignment using CT multiplanar reconstructions. To establish the feasibility of producing general guidelines for the amount of torsional contouring to apply to a bone plate applied to the medial aspect of the tibia during repair of a non-reducible tibial fracture.

METHODS

CT scans of the pelvic limbs of 15 chondrodystrophic and 34 non-chondrodystrophic dogs were studied. Medial tibial cortex torsion angle and distal medial tibial cortex angle were determined from CT multiplanar reconstructions. Medial plate application was simulated using a plate contoured to the group mean medial tibial cortex torsion angle and post-simulation tibial rotational alignment was assessed.

RESULTS

Mean medial tibial cortex torsion angles were 23° (chondrodystrophic) and 26° (non-chondrodystrophic). Following simulated plate application the change in medial tibial cortex torsion was less than 10° in 73% of chondrodystrophic and 93% of non-chondrodystrophic tibias. In total, 93% of chondrodystrophic and 97% of non-chondrodystrophic tibias had post-simulation distal medial tibial cortex angle less than 10° from the group mean pre-simulation distal medial tibial cortex angle.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Medial tibial cortex torsion and tibial rotational alignment can be measured using the protocol described in this study. 26° of internal torsional tibial plate pre-contouring may be appropriate for non-chondrodystrophic dogs, but further clinical validation is required.

Effect of a single acupuncture treatment on surgical wound healing in dogs: a randomized, single blinded, controlled pilot study

Background

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of acupuncture on wound healing after soft tissue or orthopaedic surgery in dogs.

Methods

29 dogs were submitted to soft tissue and/or orthopaedic surgeries. Five dogs had two surgical wounds each, so there were totally 34 wounds in the study. All owners received instructions for post operative care as well as antibiotic and pain treatment. The dogs were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Treated dogs received one dry needle acupuncture treatment right after surgery and the control group received no such treatment. A veterinary surgeon that was blinded to the treatment, evaluated the wounds at three and seven days after surgery in regard to oedema (scale 0-3), scabs (yes/no), exudate (yes/no), hematoma (yes/no), dermatitis (yes/no), and aspect of the wound (dry/humid).

Results

There was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in the variables evaluated three and seven days after surgery. However, oedema reduced significantly in the group treated with acupuncture at seven days compared to three days after surgery, possibly due the fact that there was more oedema in the treatment group at day three (although this difference was nor significant between groups).

Conclusions

The use of a single acupuncture treatment right after surgery in dogs did not appear to have any beneficial effects in surgical wound healing.

Survey radiography and computerized tomography imaging of the thorax in female dogs with mammary tumors

Background

Accurate early diagnosis of lung metastases is important for establishing therapeutic measures. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare survey thoracic radiographs and computerized tomography (CT) scans to specifically identify lung metastases in female dogs with mammary tumors.

Methods

Twenty-one female dogs, weighing 3 to 34 kg and aged from 5 years to 14 years and 10 months, with mammary tumors were studied. In all dogs before the imaging examinations, fine-needle aspiration cytology of the mammary tumors was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Three-view thoracic radiographs were accomplished: right lateral, left lateral and ventrodorsal views. Sequential transverse images of the thorax were acquired on a spiral Scanner, before and after intravenous bolus injection of nonionic iodine contrast. Soft-tissue and lung windows were applied. All the mammary tumors were surgically removed and examined histologically.

Results

The correlation between the cytological and histological results regarding presence of malignancy was observed in only 17 cases. In radiographic examinations, no dog displayed signs of lung metastases or thorax chest lesions. CT detected lung metastasis in two cases, while small areas of lung atelectasis located peripherally were found in 28.57% of the dogs.

Conclusion

In this study population, spiral CT showed higher sensitivity than chest radiographies to detect lung metastasis; this indicates that CT should be performed on all female dogs with malignant mammary tumors.

Avaliações radiográfica e ultra-sonográfica do joelho de ovinos

Com o presente trabalho visou-se estudar as características osteo-articulares do joelho de ovinos hígidos em diferentes idades, considerando duas possibilidades de exames: radiográfico e ultra-sonográfico. Foram utilizados 18 ovinos da raça Santa Inês, divididos em três grupos experimentais eqüitativos: Grupo I, idade de 6-8 meses (peso médio de 25 kg); Grupo II, idade de 2 anos (peso médio de 50 kg); Grupo III, idade de 3-5 anos (peso médio de 55 kg). Radiograficamente, na incidência craniocaudal, o côndilo femoral lateral apresentou-se mais amplo que o côndilo medial, assim como o côndilo tibial lateral foi maior em relação ao medial. A patela apresentava base em formato piramidal e ápice afilado na incidência mediolateral. Dos 36 membros avaliados, o osso sesamóide medial do músculo gastrocnêmio foi visibilizado em apenas um membro e o osso sesamóide lateral em quatro. A fíbula foi identificada somente em um animal do Grupo III. As linhas fisárias femoral distal, tibial proximal e da tuberosidade da tíbia puderam ser avaliadas em todas as radiografias, estando fechadas ou semifechadas especialmente nos ovinos do Grupo III. Ao exame ultra-sonográfico, a superfície convexa da patela foi visibilizada como uma linha hiperecogênica com sombra acústica e a cartilagem articular dos côndilos femorais como uma linha hipoecogênica contornando a superfície óssea. O ligamento patelar intermédio mostrou-se como uma estrutura fibrilar hiperecogênica homogênea com espessura de 1,2 a 3,2mm. Os meniscos lateral e medial apresentaram formato triangular, aspecto discretamente heterogêneo e ecogenicidade moderada. Sendo assim, o exame radiográfico foi útil para avaliar especialmente as estruturas ósseas do joelho e o fechamento da placa fisária, e a ultra-sonografia permitiu identificar algumas das estruturas teciduais moles, como os meniscos e o ligamento patelar.

Artroscopia do joelho de ovinos

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar artroscopicamente a articulação do joelho de ovinos hígidos em diferentes idades, com o intuito de determinar, de acordo com os portais estabelecidos, a capacidade de observação das estruturas. Utilizaram-se 18 animais da raça Santa Inês, divididos em três grupos experimentais eqüitativos, conforme a idade cronológica, sendo: Grupo I, 6-8 meses (peso médio de 25 kg); Grupo II, 2 anos (peso médio de 50 kg); e Grupo III, 3,5-5 anos (peso médio de 55 kg). Foram estabelecidos três portais: (1) portal artroscópico primário, craniolateral; (2) portal para fluxo de drenagem; e (3) portal instrumental, craniomedial. Identificaram-se com facilidade a patela, sulco e bordas trocleares, côndilos medial e lateral do fêmur, e tendão do músculo extensor longo dos dedos. Após a remoção da maior parte do coxim gorduroso infrapatelar com emprego do "shaver" foram visibilizados, ainda com dificuldade, os ligamentos cruzados e os meniscos. Para a identificação dos primeiros foram necessárias movimentos de flexão e extensão e para os meniscos manobras de varo e valgo. O grau de dificuldade foi inversamente proporcional ao tamanho da articulação. Sendo assim, foi possível concluir que os portais artroscópicos utilizados possibilitaram a identificação das principais estruturas articulares, independente da idade, e o método em si teve por vantagem a rápida recuperação pós-operatória dos animais.

Arthrodesis tarsocrural or tarsometatarsal in 2 dogs using circular external skeletal fixator

An external fixation technique, using a circular fixator, to obtain arthrodesis was evaluated in 2 dogs with infected open lesions and soft tissue damage. In both cases, articular cartilage was curetted, and devitalized bone and necrotic soft tissue were removed. No bone graft was used. The wounds were maintained open and the dogs received postoperative antibiotic therapy. The arthrodesis site was compressed progressively as needed. Infection was eradicated and bony union was obtained in both dogs. It was concluded that the use of a circular fixator is an effective method to achieve arthrodesis.

Defeitos congênitos do palato em cães. Relato de três casos

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

[Distraction of the first metacarpal bone for thumb reconstruction]

After amputation of the thumb good functional results can be achieved by lengthening the first metacarpal bone, if a suitable technique is used. Since 1987 we have treated six patients in this way. In all of our patients the thumb was mechanically stable and sensitive after lengthening, thus improving the patients' ability to use their hands for grasping. Other advantages include the relative simplicity of the method, the fact that no experience of microsurgery is necessary and that the surgery does not result in soft tissue damage. In most cases treatment is on an outpatient basis. Between the various operations the patient can be reintegrated into his professional and social life. The period of absence from work (about 12 weeks) is relatively short when the severity of the injury is taken into consideration. Distraction of the first metacarpal bone cannot be considered an alternative to replantation but represents a complementary procedure in accordance with the modern management of severe hand injuries.