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Proulx M, Mayrand D, Vincent C, Boisvert A, Aubin K, Trottier V, Fradette J. Short-term post-implantation dynamics of in vitro engineered human microvascularized adipose tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:065013. [PMID: 30277888 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aadff7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered adipose tissues are developed for their use as substitutes for tissue replacement in reconstructive surgery. To ensure a timely perfusion of the grafted substitutes, different strategies can be used such as the incorporation of an endothelial component. In this study, we engineered human adipose tissue substitutes comprising of functional adipocytes as well as a natural extracellular matrix using the self-assembly approach, without the use of exogenous scaffolding elements. Human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) were incorporated during tissue production in vitro and we hypothesized that their presence would favor the early connection with the host vascular network translating into functional enhancement after implantation into nude mice in comparison to the substitutes that were not enriched in hMVECs. In vitro, no significant differences were observed between the substitutes in terms of histological aspects. After implantation, both groups presented numerous adipocytes and an abundant matrix in addition to the presence of host capillaries within the grafts. The substitutes thickness and volume were not significantly different between groups over the short-term time course of 14 days (d). For the microvascularized adipose tissues, human CD31 staining revealed a human capillary network connecting with the host microvasculature as early as 3 d after grafting. The detection of murine red blood cells within human CD31+ structures confirmed the functionality of the human capillary network. By analyzing the extent of the global vascularization achieved, a tendency towards increased total capillary network surface and volume was revealed for prevascularized tissues over 14 d. Therefore, applying this strategy on thicker reconstructed adipose tissues with rate-limiting oxygen diffusion might procure added benefits and prove useful to provide voluminous substitutes for patients suffering from adipose tissue loss or defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Proulx
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, CMDGT/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, Qc, G1J 1Z4, Canada. Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, Qc, G1J 1Z4, Canada
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Proulx M, Safoine M, Mayrand D, Aubin K, Maux A, Fradette J. Impact of TNF and IL-1β on capillary networks within engineered human adipose tissues. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3608-3619. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00265j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines lead to capillary network disorganization and secreted factor modulation within human microvascularized engineered adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Proulx
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
| | - Meryem Safoine
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
| | - Dominique Mayrand
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
| | - Kim Aubin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
| | - Amandine Maux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX
- Québec
- Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center
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Aubin K, Safoine M, Proulx M, Audet-Casgrain MA, Côté JF, Têtu FA, Roy A, Fradette J. Characterization of In Vitro Engineered Human Adipose Tissues: Relevant Adipokine Secretion and Impact of TNF-α. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137612. [PMID: 26367137 PMCID: PMC4569087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Representative modelling of human adipose tissue functions is central to metabolic research. Tridimensional models able to recreate human adipogenesis in a physiological tissue-like context in vitro are still scarce. We describe the engineering of white adipose tissues reconstructed from their cultured adipose-derived stromal precursor cells. We hypothesize that these reconstructed tissues can recapitulate key functions of AT under basal and pro-inflammatory conditions. These tissues, featuring human adipocytes surrounded by stroma, were stable and metabolically active in long-term cultures (at least 11 weeks). Secretion of major adipokines and growth factors by the reconstructed tissues was determined and compared to media conditioned by human native fat explants. Interestingly, the secretory profiles of the reconstructed adipose tissues indicated an abundant production of leptin, PAI-1 and angiopoietin-1 proteins, while higher HGF levels were detected for the human fat explants. We next demonstrated the responsiveness of the tissues to the pro-inflammatory stimulus TNF-α, as reflected by modulation of MCP-1, NGF and HGF secretion, while VEGF and leptin protein expression did not vary. TNF-α exposure induced changes in gene expression for adipocyte metabolism-associated mRNAs such as SLC2A4, FASN and LIPE, as well as for genes implicated in NF-κB activation. Finally, this model was customized to feature adipocytes representative of progressive stages of differentiation, thereby allowing investigations using newly differentiated or more mature adipocytes. In conclusion, we produced tridimensional tissues engineered in vitro that are able to recapitulate key characteristics of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. These tissues are produced from human cells and their neo-synthesized matrix elements without exogenous or synthetic biomaterials. Therefore, they represent unique tools to investigate the effects of pharmacologically active products on human stromal cells, extracellular matrix and differentiated adipocytes, in addition to compounds modulating adipogenesis from precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Aubin
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l’Université Laval / LOEX, Québec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | - Meryem Safoine
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l’Université Laval / LOEX, Québec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryse Proulx
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l’Université Laval / LOEX, Québec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-François Côté
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l’Université Laval / LOEX, Québec, Canada
| | - Félix-André Têtu
- Clinique de chirurgie esthétique Félix-André Têtu and CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alphonse Roy
- Clinique de chirurgie plastique Alphonse Roy and CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l’Université Laval / LOEX, Québec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Proulx M, Aubin K, Lagueux J, Audet P, Auger M, Fortin MA, Fradette J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Tissue-Engineered Adipose Substitutes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:693-704. [PMID: 25549069 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) substitutes are being developed to answer the strong demand in reconstructive surgery. To facilitate the validation of their functional performance in vivo, and to avoid resorting to excessive number of animals, it is crucial at this stage to develop biomedical imaging methodologies, enabling the follow-up of reconstructed AT substitutes. Until now, biomedical imaging of AT substitutes has scarcely been reported in the literature. Therefore, the optimal parameters enabling good resolution, appropriate contrast, and graft delineation, as well as blood perfusion validation, must be studied and reported. In this study, human adipose substitutes produced from adipose-derived stem/stromal cells using the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering were implanted into athymic mice. The fate of the reconstructed AT substitutes implanted in vivo was successfully followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is the imaging modality of choice for visualizing soft ATs. T1-weighted images allowed clear delineation of the grafts, followed by volume integration. The magnetic resonance (MR) signal of reconstructed AT was studied in vitro by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR). This confirmed the presence of a strong triglyceride peak of short longitudinal proton relaxation time (T1) values (200 ± 53 ms) in reconstructed AT substitutes (total T1=813 ± 76 ms), which establishes a clear signal difference between adjacent muscle, connective tissue, and native fat (total T1 ~300 ms). Graft volume retention was followed up to 6 weeks after implantation, revealing a gradual resorption rate averaging at 44% of initial substitute's volume. In addition, vascular perfusion measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI confirmed the graft's vascularization postimplantation (14 and 21 days after grafting). Histological analysis of the grafted tissues revealed the persistence of numerous adipocytes without evidence of cysts or tissue necrosis. This study describes the in vivo grafting of human adipose substitutes devoid of exogenous matrix components, and for the first time, the optimal parameters necessary to achieve efficient MRI visualization of grafted tissue-engineered adipose substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Proulx
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec, Canada .,2 Département de Chirurgie, Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX , Québec, Canada
| | - Kim Aubin
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec, Canada .,2 Département de Chirurgie, Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX , Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Lagueux
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Audet
- 3 Département de Chimie, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Michèle Auger
- 3 Département de Chimie, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,4 Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA), Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,5 Regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Fortin
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec, Canada .,4 Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA), Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,6 Département de Génie des Mines, de la Métallurgie et des Matériaux, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec, Canada .,2 Département de Chirurgie, Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX , Québec, Canada
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Aubin K, Vincent C, Proulx M, Mayrand D, Fradette J. Creating capillary networks within human engineered tissues: impact of adipocytes and their secretory products. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:333-45. [PMID: 25278444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of tissue-engineered substitutes of substantial volume is closely associated with the need to ensure rapid vascularization upon grafting. Strategies promoting angiogenesis include the in vitro formation of capillary-like networks within engineered substitutes. We generated both connective and adipose tissues based on a cell sheet technology using human adipose-derived stromal cells. This study evaluates the morphology and extent of the capillary networks that developed upon seeding of human microvascular endothelial cells during tissue production. We posited that adipocyte presence/secretory products could modulate the resulting capillary network when compared to connective substitutes. Analyses including confocal imaging of CD31-labeled capillary-like networks indicated slight differences in their morphological appearance. However, the total volume occupied by the networks as well as the frequency distribution of the structure's volumes were similar between connective and adipose tissues. The average diameter of the capillary structures tended to be 20% higher in reconstructed adipose tissues. Quantification of pro-angiogenic molecules in conditioned media showed greater amounts of leptin (15×), angiopoietin-1 (3.4×) and HGF (1.7×) secreted from adipose than connective tissues at the time of endothelial cell seeding. However, this difference was attenuated during the following coculture period in endothelial cell-containing media, correlating with the minor differences noted between the networks. Taken together, we developed a protocol allowing reconstruction of both connective and adipose tissues featuring well-developed capillary networks in vitro. We performed a detailed characterization of the network architecture within engineered tissues that is relevant for graft assessment before implantation as well as for in vitro screening of angiogenic modulators using three-dimensional models.
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Dreja H, O'Sullivan E, Pade C, Aubin K, Isaksen A, D'Souza C, Hand J, Orkin C, Leber W, Anderson J, McKnight Á. P04-35. Neutralisation activity in a geographically diverse East London cohort of HIV-1 infected patients. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767966 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CCA, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RIS, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Bryant SP, Buckley D, Burford DC, Burrill WDH, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Clegg SM, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dovey O, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Faulkner LM, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MRJ, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Gribble SM, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ESI, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Langford CF, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NSW, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, oore MJFM, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Pandian RD, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Porter KM, Prigmore E, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall J. M. Wallis M, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR. Erratum: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/nature05152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CCA, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RIS, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MRJ, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ESI, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NSW, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, Moore MJF, Nickerson T, O'Dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR, Banerjee R, Bryant SP, Burford DC, Burrill WDH, Clegg SM, Dhami P, Dovey O, Faulkner LM, Gribble SM, Langford CF, Pandian RD, Porter KM, Prigmore E. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 2006; 441:315-21. [PMID: 16710414 DOI: 10.1038/nature04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reference sequence for each human chromosome provides the framework for understanding genome function, variation and evolution. Here we report the finished sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Chromosome 1 is gene-dense, with 3,141 genes and 991 pseudogenes, and many coding sequences overlap. Rearrangements and mutations of chromosome 1 are prevalent in cancer and many other diseases. Patterns of sequence variation reveal signals of recent selection in specific genes that may contribute to human fitness, and also in regions where no function is evident. Fine-scale recombination occurs in hotspots of varying intensity along the sequence, and is enriched near genes. These and other studies of human biology and disease encoded within chromosome 1 are made possible with the highly accurate annotated sequence, as part of the completed set of chromosome sequences that comprise the reference human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Gregory
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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Ilic B, Yang Y, Aubin K, Reichenbach R, Krylov S, Craighead HG. Enumeration of DNA molecules bound to a nanomechanical oscillator. Nano Lett 2005; 5:925-9. [PMID: 15884896 DOI: 10.1021/nl050456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are being actively investigated as sensitive mass detectors for applications such as chemical and biological sensing. We demonstrate that highly uniform arrays of nanomechanical resonators can be used to detect the binding of individual DNA molecules through resonant frequency shifts resulting from the added mass of bound analyte. Localized binding sites created with gold nanodots create a calibrated response with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy to count small numbers of bound molecules. The amount of nonspecifically bound material from solution, a fundamental issue in any ultra-sensitive assay, was measured to be less than the mass of one DNA molecule, allowing us to detect a single 1587 bp DNA molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ilic
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Nanobiotechnology Center and Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, Cornell University, USA
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Bentley DR, Deloukas P, Dunham A, French L, Gregory SG, Humphray SJ, Mungall AJ, Ross MT, Carter NP, Dunham I, Scott CE, Ashcroft KJ, Atkinson AL, Aubin K, Beare DM, Bethel G, Brady N, Brook JC, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Burrows C, Butler AP, Carder C, Catanese JJ, Clee CM, Clegg SM, Cobley V, Coffey AJ, Cole CG, Collins JE, Conquer JS, Cooper RA, Culley KM, Dawson E, Dearden FL, Durbin RM, de Jong PJ, Dhami PD, Earthrowl ME, Edwards CA, Evans RS, Gillson CJ, Ghori J, Green L, Gwilliam R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harper GL, Heathcott RW, Holden JL, Holloway E, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howell GR, Huckle EJ, Hughes J, Hunt PJ, Hunt SE, Izmajlowicz M, Jones CA, Joseph SS, Laird G, Langford CF, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha MA, McCann OT, McDonald LM, McDowall J, Maslen GL, Mistry D, Moschonas NK, Neocleous V, Pearson DM, Phillips KJ, Porter KM, Prathalingam SR, Ramsey YH, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Rogers J, Rogers LJ, Sarafidou T, Scott DJ, Sharp GJ, Shaw-Smith CJ, Smink LJ, Soderlund C, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Sulston JE, Taylor A, Taylor RG, Thorpe AA, Tinsley E, Warry GL, Whittaker A, Whittaker P, Williams SH, Wilmer TE, Wooster R, Wright CL. The physical maps for sequencing human chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20 and X. Nature 2001; 409:942-3. [PMID: 11237015 DOI: 10.1038/35057165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We constructed maps for eight chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, X and (previously) 22), representing one-third of the genome, by building landmark maps, isolating bacterial clones and assembling contigs. By this approach, we could establish the long-range organization of the maps early in the project, and all contig extension, gap closure and problem-solving was simplified by containment within local regions. The maps currently represent more than 94% of the euchromatic (gene-containing) regions of these chromosomes in 176 contigs, and contain 96% of the chromosome-specific markers in the human gene map. By measuring the remaining gaps, we can assess chromosome length and coverage in sequenced clones.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Contig Mapping
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- X Chromosome
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