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Li G, Hu M, Li W, Yang Y, Wang X, Yan S, Hu L, Zhang J, Mao Y, Riise H, Gao X, Sun T, Liu J, Xiong D, Wang L, Mo J, Iskandar A, Xi G, Xiang D, Wang L, Sun G, Zhang K, Chen J, Lin W, Guo F, Liu Q, Cai G, Zhou W, Zhao J, Chen J, Zheng X, Li K, Zhang M, Xu S, Lyu X, Castro-Tirado AJ, Chufarin V, Potapov N, Ionov I, Korotkiy S, Nazarov S, Sokolovsky K, Hamann N, Herman E. A shock flash breaking out of a dusty red supergiant. Nature 2024; 627:754-758. [PMID: 38093004 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Shock-breakout emission is light that arises when a shockwave, generated by the core-collapse explosion of a massive star, passes through its outer envelope. Hitherto, the earliest detection of such a signal was at several hours after the explosion1, although a few others had been reported2-7. The temporal evolution of early light curves should provide insights into the shock propagation, including explosion asymmetry and environment in the vicinity, but this has been hampered by the lack of multiwavelength observations. Here we report the instant multiband observations of a type II supernova (SN 2023ixf) in the galaxy M101 (at a distance of 6.85 ± 0.15 Mpc; ref. 8), beginning at about 1.4 h after the explosion. The exploding star was a red supergiant with a radius of about 440 solar radii. The light curves evolved rapidly, on timescales of 1-2 h, and appeared unusually fainter and redder than predicted by the models9-11 within the first few hours, which we attribute to an optically thick dust shell before it was disrupted by the shockwave. We infer that the breakout and perhaps the distribution of the surrounding dust were not spherically symmetric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaici Li
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maokai Hu
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiong Li
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Planetarium, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengyu Yan
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jujia Zhang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory, Kunming, China
| | - Yiming Mao
- National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xing Gao
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tianrui Sun
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialian Liu
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Xiong
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jun Mo
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Abdusamatjan Iskandar
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaobo Xi
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Xiang
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Keming Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qichun Liu
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jin Chen
- Xingming Observatory, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Mi Zhang
- Xingming Observatory, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Alberto J Castro-Tirado
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Departamento de Ingenieria de Sistemas y Automatica, Escuela de Ingenierias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Vasilii Chufarin
- G. M. Grechko Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Minin University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Sokolovsky
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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