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Tiwari AK, Aggarwal G, Kale P, Yadav N, Kumar V, Singh G, Cheirmaraj K, Krishnan K. Determination of optimum levels of binding antibody units (BAU) of new quantitative chemiluminescent immuno-assay (CLIA) in COVID-19 vaccinated volunteer blood donors. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103937. [PMID: 38678985 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For assessment of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody is measured. This study was undertaken to determine optimum levels of binding antibody units (BAU/ml) in new quantitative chemiluminescent assay (CLIA) that corresponded to neutralizing potential (30% inhibition) of sVNT assay. METHODS Ninety-one blood samples were analyzed by CLIA and sVNT assays. Test samples (n = 75) were collected from blood donors post-2nd vaccination dose, while control samples (n = 16) were archived pre-COVID donor samples. Correlation between CLIA and sVNT was calculated and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and analyzed. RESULTS Results indicated excellent correlation between 57.5 BAU/ml on CLIA and 30%inhibition on sVNT assay. ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.971. DISCUSSION The present study determined that 57.5 BAU/ml on CLIA corresponded to 30% inhibition on sVNT assay. Periodic quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Medanta-The Medicity, Sector-38, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Geet Aggarwal
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Medanta-The Medicity, Sector-38, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pratibha Kale
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Yadav
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Medanta-The Medicity, Sector-38, Gurgaon, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology College of Life Sciences, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India
| | - Gargi Singh
- Medanta Institute of Education and Research Medanta-The Medicity, Sector-38, Gurgaon, India
| | - K Cheirmaraj
- Independent Laboratory Consultant, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Krishnan
- Laboratory Medicine, Thane West, Mumbai 400606, India
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Cartwright BM, Corso JN, Lightner J, Whitted C, Torrenegra RD, Krishnan K, Palau VE. Achyrocline B (3,5 dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone) synergizes with 5-fluorouracil allowing for dose reduction and reduced off-target toxicity in the treatment of colonic and pancreatic cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115546. [PMID: 37741250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgically unresectable colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas have a high rate of mortality as current therapeutic options are limited. One common chemotherapeutic used to broadly treat both cancers is 5-flurouracil (5-Fu); however, treatment serves only to slow progression of the disease and comes with many side effects due to 5-Fu's intrinsic toxicity. Thus, strategies to decrease the dose of 5-Fu utilized therapeutically as well as reduce 5-Fu's off-target toxicity are paramount. Using cell models of colorectal and pancreatic cancers, we show that cotreatment with Achyrocline B (3,5 dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, AcB), a natural flavone from Achyrocline bogotensis, allows for four-fold reduction in 5-Fu dosage without loss of efficacy. We further show that the action of AcB is due to continued cell cycle progression despite 5-Fu pressure to synchronize at the G1/S threshold. In addition to AcB's effect on cancer cells, we found that AcB can directly reduce toxicity of 5-Fu in cells mimicking non-cancerous tissues. These in vitro results are then supported by xenograft modeling. AcB was shown to increase apoptosis in tumors leading to degeneration of the outer tumoral boundary. Furthermore, in 5-Fu treated animals it was found that AcB provided protection to the intestinal tract as indicated by preserved histological and immunohistochemical features. These results show promise for a new adjuvant therapy for colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas that not only reduces tumor progression, but more importantly has the potential to improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cartwright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States; Department of Pathology, ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Jaclyn N Corso
- Department of Internal Medicine, ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Janet Lightner
- Department of Internal Medicine, ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Crystal Whitted
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Ruben D Torrenegra
- Productos Naturales, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Department of Internal Medicine, ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Victoria E Palau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States; Productos Naturales, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia.
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Karakulam R, Krishnan K. Evaluation of distilled water as a mountant in the slide preparation for phytolith identification. CURR SCI INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v123/i9/1152-1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Narang A, Shin E, Ding K, Krishnan K, Casey B, Bhutani M, Herman J, Meyer J, Hong T, Koay E. Using Hydrogel to Create Spatial Separation between the Pancreas and Duodenum in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Safety and Feasibility Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Avila R, Krishnan K, Wynes M, Connolly C, McWilliams A, Logan J, Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Pastorino U, Santos R, Hochhegger B, Ashizawa K, Kobayashi T, Rzyman W, Jelitto-Gorska M, Field J, Mulshine J, Lam S. EP01.04-005 Quantitative Characteristics in Global CT Lung Cancer Screening Populations Using the ELIC Distributed Database and Computation Environment. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Avila R, Krishnan K, Wynes M, Connolly C, McWilliams A, Logan J, Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Pastorino U, Santos R, Hochhegger B, Ashizawa K, Kobayashi T, Rzyman W, Jelitto-Gorska M, Field J, Mulshine J, Lam S. MA11.07 The ELIC Distributed Database and Computation Environment for Analyses of Lung Cancer Screening LDCTs Across the World. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dada S, Babanyinah GK, Tetteh MT, Palau VE, Walls ZF, Krishnan K, Croft Z, Khan AU, Liu G, Wiese TE, Glotser E, Mei H. Covalent and Noncovalent Loading of Doxorubicin by Folic Acid-Carbon Dot Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics. ACS Omega 2022; 7:23322-23331. [PMID: 35847251 PMCID: PMC9280931 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With special properties such as excellent fluoresce features, low toxicity, good biocompatibility, permeability, and easy clearance from the body, carbon dot (CD)-based nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to deliver drugs and use in vivo diagnostics through molecular imaging. In this work, folic acid-CD (FA-CD) NPs were prepared to deliver doxorubicin (Dox) covalently and noncovalently as cancer theranostics. FA was conjugated to the surface of CDs for targeting cancer cells with overexpressing folate receptors. CDs prepared with various amounts of precursors lead to their associated NPs with different photoluminescence properties and drug release profiles. The loading of Dox and its releasing data depends on the linkage of drug Dox to FA-CD and CD composition. All NPs were characterized by UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The noncovalent FA-CD-Dox NPs were preferred with a simple preparation process, excellent photoluminescence, and in vitro drug release properties. The noncovalent FA-CD-Dox showed the best efficacy against MDA-MB-231 compared to the CD-Dox and covalent FA-CD-Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson
N. Dada
- Department
of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, Tennessee, United States
| | - Godwin K. Babanyinah
- Department
of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael T. Tetteh
- Department
of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, Tennessee, United States
| | - Victoria E. Palau
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Zachary F. Walls
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Zacary Croft
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Assad U. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Thomas E. Wiese
- Cell
Molecular Biology Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Ellen Glotser
- Cell
Molecular Biology Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Hua Mei
- Department
of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, Tennessee, United States
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Sharma P, Singal S, Costello P, Krishnan K. Burkitt lymphoma: interpreting FISH testing for MYC gene rearrangements. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e246687. [PMID: 35135797 PMCID: PMC8830099 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterised by translocation of MYC gene on chromosome 8. This translocation is usually detected by fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) studies as part of routine diagnostic work-up and prognostication. FISH testing is commonly done with the break-apart probe (BAP). This case illustrates how this testing can be falsely negative. This patient is a young male diagnosed with Stage I low-risk Burkitt with FISH negative for MYC translocation initially on BAP testing. Additional testing with dual FISH probe detected MYC/IGH translocation. FISH testing using BAPs alone may be falsely negative for MYC translocations creating a diagnostic challenge and compromising the treatment approach and assessment of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sakshi Singal
- Department of Medical Oncology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Costello
- Department of Watauga Pathology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Krishnan K, Su A, Long C. 381 It’s a Hard Knock Life: How Kids With Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Are Treated. Ann Emerg Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Y, Krishnan K, Gilbert H, Phuong P, He X, Colburn D, Grossman W. P16.07 ARC-10: Phase 3 Study of Zimberelimab ± Domvanalimab vs Standard Chemotherapy in Front-Line, PD-L1-High, Metastatic NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the colon is a rare and unique histologic subtype of colorectal cancer. It is commonly associated with deficient mismatch repair proteins and has a strong association with Lynch syndrome. Diagnosis is challenging as it does not have the usual immunohistochemical stains on pathology seen in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Here, we discuss an interesting case of MC of the colon that was metastatic on presentation and constituted a diagnostic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Fatima
- Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Purva Sharma
- Medical Oncology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
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Spira A, Conkling P, Chaudhry A, Colburn D, Gilbert H, Scharville M, Gardner O, Krishnan K, Paoloni M, Johnson M. 1309P ARC-4: Efficacy and safety of AB928 plus carboplatin, pemetrexed and a PD-1 antibody in participants with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Manthri S, Costello PN, Krishnan K. Chronic mast cell leukaemia with exon 9 KIT mutation A502_Y503dup: a rare imatinib responsive variant. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/8/e236447. [PMID: 32843387 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-236447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sukesh Manthri
- Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick N Costello
- Watauga Pathology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Moore CA, Lightner J, Duffourc M, Krishnan K. Abstract 1274: Metformin, not γ-tocotrienol, increases gene methylation and decreases expression of genes responsible for cell signal transduction in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metformin and γ-tocotrienol (GT3) are promising chemopreventative agents with studies showing improved patient outcomes with metformin use in several cancer types, including prostate cancer. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the improved survival rates in cancer patients treated with these drugs are incompletely understood. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), alteration of p-c-JUN and p-ERK signaling pathways and inhibition of mitochondrial complex 1 have all been implicated as part of metformin's anti-tumorigenesis activities. More recently, metformin was shown to influence the activity of epigenetic modifying enzymes resulting in genome-wide alterations in DNA methylation patterns in breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated whether GT3 and metformin treatment would alter methylation pathways in prostate cancer cells.The prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (androgen independent) and normal prostate control cell line RWPE-1 were treated with varying concentrations of either GT3, metformin, the methylation inhibitor azacitidine, or metformin plus azacitidine for 6 hours. Genomic DNA was isolated, and methylation assessed using the Illumina Infinium methylation EPIC BeadChip array. Analysis revealed treatment of PC-3 cells with metformin promoted hypermethylation of CC2D2B, GHDC, LINC01377, PLPP2, and PTK2 and decreased methylation of TSPY4 as compared to normal prostate controls. qRT-PCR experiments confirmed decreased expression of PTK2 mRNA, consistent with hypermethylation of PTK2. In contrast, GT3 did not affect methylation of any identifiable recognizable genes. This study suggests metformin, but not GT3, may inhibit prostate cancer proliferation partially through epigenetic changes which disrupt downstream focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathways. Metformin is a promising chemopreventive agent; studies investigating the impact of metformin on cellular adhesion and FAK pathways are ongoing in our laboratory.
Citation Format: Christine Ann Moore, Janet Lightner, Michelle Duffourc, Koyamangalath Krishnan. Metformin, not γ-tocotrienol, increases gene methylation and decreases expression of genes responsible for cell signal transduction in prostate cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1274.
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Moore C, Palau VE, Mahboob R, Lightner J, Stone W, Krishnan K. Upregulation of pERK and c-JUN by γ-tocotrienol and not α-tocopherol are essential to the differential effect on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:428. [PMID: 32414345 PMCID: PMC7227069 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-tocopherol (AT) and γ-tocotrienol (GT3) are vitamin E isoforms considered to have potential chemopreventive properties. AT has been widely studied in vitro and in clinical trials with mixed results. The latest clinical study (SELECT trial) tested AT in prostate cancer patients, determined that AT provided no benefit, and could promote cancer. Conversely, GT3 has shown antineoplastic properties in several in vitro studies, with no clinical studies published to date. GT3 causes apoptosis via upregulation of the JNK pathway; however, inhibition results in a partial block of cell death. We compared side by side the mechanistic differences in these cells in response to AT and GT3. Methods The effects of GT3 and AT were studied on androgen sensitive LNCaP and androgen independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Their cytotoxic effects were analyzed via MTT and confirmed by metabolic assays measuring ATP. Cellular pathways were studied by immunoblot. Quantitative analysis and the determination of relationships between cell signaling events were analyzed for both agents tested. Non-cancerous prostate RWPE-1 cells were also included as a control. Results The RAF/RAS/ERK pathway was significantly activated by GT3 in LNCaP and PC-3 cells but not by AT. This activation is essential for the apoptotic affect by GT3 as demonstrated the complete inhibition of apoptosis by MEK1 inhibitor U0126. Phospho-c-JUN was upregulated by GT3 but not AT. No changes were observed on AKT for either agent, and no release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm was detected. Caspases 9 and 3 were efficiently activated by GT3 on both cell lines irrespective of androgen sensitivity, but not in cells dosed with AT. Cell viability of non-cancerous RWPE-1 cells was affected neither by GT3 nor AT. Conclusions c-JUN is a recognized master regulator of apoptosis as shown previously in prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of action of GT3 in these cells also include a significant activation of ERK which is essential for the apoptotic effect of GT3. The activation of both, ERK and c-JUN, is required for apoptosis and may suggest a relevant step in ensuring circumvention of mechanisms of resistance related to the constitutive activation of MEK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Moore
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Dogwood Avenue, Building 119, Johnson City, USA
| | - Victoria E Palau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Rashid Mahboob
- Wellmont Hospitalists at Kingsport, Kingsport, TN, 37660, USA
| | - Janet Lightner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Dogwood Avenue, Building 119, Johnson City, USA
| | - William Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Dogwood Avenue, Building 119, Johnson City, USA.
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Ramoju S, Andersen ME, Nong A, Karyakina N, Shilnikova N, Krishnan K, Krewski D. Derivation of whole blood biomonitoring equivalents for titanium for the interpretation of biomonitoring data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104671. [PMID: 32360442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring equivalents (BEs) have been increasingly applied for biomonitoring purposes by regulatory bodies worldwide. The present report describes the development of a BE for titanium based on a 4-step process: (i) identification of a critical study/point of departure (PoD) supporting an established oral exposure guidance value (OEGV);, (ii) review the available oral PK data and application of a pharmacokinetic model for titanium; (iii) selection of the most appropriate biomarker of exposure in a specific tissue and calculation of steady-state tissue levels corresponding to the PoD in the critical study; and (iv) derivation of BE value adjusting for the uncertainties considered in the original OEGV assessment. Using the above 4-step approach, a blood BE value of 32.5 μg titanium/L was derived. Key components of the analysis included a pharmacokinetic model developed by investigators at the Netherlands National Institute of Public Health (RIVM) and a two-year rodent bioassay of titanium conducted by the US National Cancer Institute. The most sensitive pharmacokinetic parameter involved in the current BE derivation is the oral absorption factor of 0.02%. The provisional BE proposed in this article may be updated as new information on the pharmacokinetics of titanium becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramoju
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - A Nong
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K Krishnan
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ramoju S, Andersen M, Poddalgoda D, Nong A, Karyakina N, Shilnikova N, Krishnan K, Krewski D. Derivation of whole blood biomonitoring equivalents for lithium for the interpretation of biomonitoring data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 111:104581. [PMID: 31935483 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lithium salts have numerous industrial uses and are also used in the treatment of bipolar disorders. The main source of lithium exposure to the general population is drinking water and foods. Lithium is nephrotoxic at higher doses. Thus, oral exposure guidelines for lithium have been derived, including ICH's permitted daily exposure (PDE = 0.008 mg lithium/kg-bw/day) adopted by Health Canada and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) provisional peer reviewed toxicity value (PPRTV = 0.002 mg lithium/kg-bw/day), both based on human data. OBJECTIVE To derive whole blood biomonitoring equivalents (BEs) associated with PDE and PPRTV to interpret population-level biomonitoring data in health risk context. METHOD A simple kinetic relationship based on plasma clearance value (0.5 L/kg-bw/day) and the oral absorption fraction (100%) was used to derive blood BEs for PDE and PPRTV. RESULTS This analysis resulted in BE values in plasma and whole blood of 16 and 10 μg/L, respectively, based on the PDE values developed by the Health Canada and of 4.2 and 2.7 μg/L, respectively, based on the PPRTV developed by U.S. EPA. CONCLUSION The derived BE values can be used to interpret population-level biomonitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramoju
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - M Andersen
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - A Nong
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K Krishnan
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - D Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wu LC, Zhang Y, Steinberg G, Qu H, Huang S, Cheng M, Bliss T, Du F, Rao J, Song G, Pisani L, Doyle T, Conolly S, Krishnan K, Grant G, Wintermark M. A Review of Magnetic Particle Imaging and Perspectives on Neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:206-212. [PMID: 30655254 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic technique with the potential for simultaneous high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time imaging. Magnetic particle imaging is based on the unique behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modeled by the Langevin theory, with the ability to track and quantify nanoparticle concentrations without tissue background noise. It is a promising new imaging technique for multiple applications, including vascular and perfusion imaging, oncology imaging, cell tracking, inflammation imaging, and trauma imaging. In particular, many neuroimaging applications may be enabled and enhanced with magnetic particle imaging. In this review, we will provide an overview of magnetic particle imaging principles and implementation, current applications, promising neuroimaging applications, and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Wu
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - Y Zhang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - G Steinberg
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.).,Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - H Qu
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - S Huang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.).,Chongqing Medical University (S.H.), Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing, China
| | - M Cheng
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - T Bliss
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - F Du
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - J Rao
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - G Song
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - L Pisani
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - T Doyle
- Pediatrics (T.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - S Conolly
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (S.C.), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - K Krishnan
- Departments of Materials Sciences and Engineering and Physics (K.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - G Grant
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
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Han CG, O'Brien KJ, Coon LM, Majerus JA, Huryn LA, Haroutunian SG, Moka N, Introne WJ, Macnamara E, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Chen D, Krishnan K, Gochuico BR. Severe bleeding with subclinical oculocutaneous albinism in a patient with a novel HPS6 missense variant. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2819-2823. [PMID: 30369044 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heřmanský-Pudlák syndrome (HPS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, manifests with oculocutaneous albinism and a bleeding diathesis. However, severity of disease can be variable and is typically related to the genetic subtype of HPS; HPS type 6 (HPS-6) is an uncommon subtype generally associated with mild disease. A Caucasian adult female presented with a history of severe bleeding; ophthalmologic examination indicated occult oculocutaneous albinism. The patient was diagnosed with a platelet storage pool disorder, and platelet whole mount electron microscopy demonstrated absent delta granules. Genome-wide SNP analysis showed regions of homozygosity that included the HPS1 and HPS6 genes. Full length HPS1 transcript was amplified by PCR of genomic DNA. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a novel homozygous missense variant in HPS6 (c.383 T > C; p.V128A); this was associated with significantly reduced HPS6 mRNA and protein expression in the patient's fibroblasts compared to control cells. These findings highlight the variable severity of disease manifestations in patients with HPS, and illustrate that HPS can be diagnosed in patients with excessive bleeding and occult oculocutaneous albinism. Genetic analysis and platelet electron microscopy are useful diagnostic tests in evaluating patients with suspected HPS. Clinical Trial registration: Registrar: ClinicalTrials.gov Website: www.clinicaltrials.gov Registration Numbers: NCT00001456 and NCT00084305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen G Han
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin J O'Brien
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lea M Coon
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Julie A Majerus
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sara G Haroutunian
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nagabhishek Moka
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dong Chen
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bischoff A, Law Z, Krishnan K, Ali A, Flaherty K, Appleton J, Bath PM, Sprigg N. 77RADIOLOGICAL MARKERS ON NON-CONTRAST CT FOR PREDICTING OUTCOME AFTER INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS FROM RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL TICH-2 DATA. Age Ageing 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy135.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Bischoff
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Z Law
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Krishnan
- Stroke Services, City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Ali
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Flaherty
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Appleton
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - N Sprigg
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Krishnan K, Thompson N, Bonner-Jackson A. A - 18Stability of MoCA Scores for Patients Seen in a Memory Disorders Clinic. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moore CA, Lightner JW, Duffourc M, Krishnan K. Abstract 3977: γ-Tocotrienol and metformin are cytotoxic to prostate cancer cell lines and exhibit synergy. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metformin and γ-tocotrienol (GT3) are promising non-cytotoxic drugs for prostate cancer chemoprevention and as adjunctive treatment options for prostate cancer. Multiple mechanistic pathways may be modulated. Studies suggest that GT3, a member of the vitamin E family, and the antidiabetic agent metformin have antineoplastic properties but their effects in prostate cancer are unclear. We compared the abilities of GT3 and metformin in preventing growth of two prostate cancer cells lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and a control prostate cell line (RWPE-1) by quantifying their effects on three signaling pathways known to be pivotal in prostate carcinogenesis (AKT, MAP Kinase [pERK], and p-c-JUN).Two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP (androgen dependent) and PC-3 (androgen independent), and prostate control cell line RWPE-1 were treated with increasing concentrations of GT3 and/or metformin in DMEM, and cytotoxicity determined by MTS cell culture experiments. Synergy was determined using the CompuSyn program. IC50 of LNCaP with GT3 and metformin were 76.6 µM and 100.6 mM, respectively. IC50 of PC-3 with GT3 and metformin were 53.8 µM and 73.5 mM, respectively. We found synergy in LNCaP at 5 µM/mM and 10 µM/mM GT3/metformin. We found synergy in PC-3 at 5 µM/mM GT3/metformin. RWPE-1 were unaffected. We determined the effect of GT3 and metformin on signaling pathways by analyzing β-actin, p-AKT, p-c-JUN, and p-ERK in combination via Western immunoblot. Initial experiments with LNCaP and PC-3 cells showed metformin inhibits the expression of p-c-JUN and p-ERK. GT3 inhibits the expression of p-ERK but not p-c-JUN in both prostate cancer cell lines. P-AKT was not activated by GT3 or metformin. GT3 and metformin inhibit cell growth in both prostate cancer cell lines, greater in combination compared to separately (more apparent in LNCaP compared to PC-3). GT3 and/or metformin caused less growth inhibition and no effects on expression of proteins p-AKT, p-c-JUN or p-ERK in the RWPE-1 prostate control cells. There is synergy with GT3 and metformin in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth. GT3 inhibits expression of p-ERK, and metformin inhibits expression of both p-c-JUN and p-ERK. Although AKT is an important target in prostate cancer therapy, AKT is not modulated by either metformin and GT3 but modulates p-c-JUN and p-ERK. Cytotoxic effects of GT3 and metformin are independent of androgen sensitivity although androgen-independent PC-3 cell lines are more sensitive. GT3 and metformin are promising chemopreventive agents that need to be examined mechanistically. Recent literature suggests metformin influences methylation in breast cancer. We are in the process of analyzing GT3 and metformin and how they alter methylation pathways in prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Christine A. Moore, Janet W. Lightner, Michelle Duffourc, Koyamangalath Krishnan. γ-Tocotrienol and metformin are cytotoxic to prostate cancer cell lines and exhibit synergy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3977.
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24
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Palau VE, Chakraborty K, Wann D, Lightner J, Hilton K, Brannon M, Stone W, Krishnan K. γ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by upregulation of ceramide synthesis and modulation of sphingolipid transport. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:564. [PMID: 29769046 PMCID: PMC5956825 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ceramide synthesis and metabolism is a promising target in cancer drug development. γ-tocotrienol (GT3), a member of the vitamin E family, orchestrates multiple effects that ensure the induction of apoptosis in both, wild-type and RAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether these effects involve changes in ceramide synthesis and transport. Methods The effects of GT3 on the synthesis of ceramide via the de novo pathway, and the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin were analyzed by the expression levels of the enzymes serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase-6, and dihydroceramide desaturase, and acid sphingomyelinase in wild-type RAS BxPC3, and RAS-mutated MIA PaCa-2 and Panc 1 pancreatic cancer cells. Quantitative changes in ceramides, dihydroceramides, and sphingomyelin at the cell membrane were detected by LCMS. Modulation of ceramide transport by GT3 was studied by immunochemistry of CERT and ARV-1, and the subsequent effects at the cell membrane was analyzed via immunofluorescence of ceramide, caveolin, and DR5. Results GT3 favors the upregulation of ceramide by stimulating synthesis at the ER and the plasma membrane. Additionally, the conversion of newly synthesized ceramide to sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide at the Golgi is prevented by the inhibition of CERT. Modulation ARV1 and previously observed inhibition of the HMG-CoA pathway, contribute to changes in membrane structure and signaling functions, allows the clustering of DR5, effectively initiating apoptosis. Conclusions Our results suggest that GT3 targets ceramide synthesis and transport, and that the upregulation of ceramide and modulation of transporters CERT and ARV1 are important contributors to the apoptotic properties demonstrated by GT3 in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Palau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Kanishka Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Daniel Wann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Janet Lightner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Keely Hilton
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Marianne Brannon
- Department of Pediatrics, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - William Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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Samarasinghe SVAC, Krishnan K, Naidu R, Megharaj M, Miller K, Fraser B, Aitken RJ. Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa. Andrology 2018; 6:532-541. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. A. C. Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation; Faculty of Science; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE); University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science; Faculty of Science; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - K. Krishnan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation; Faculty of Science; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE); University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - R. Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation; Faculty of Science; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE); University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - M. Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation; Faculty of Science; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE); University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - K. Miller
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science; Faculty of Science; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - B. Fraser
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science; Faculty of Science; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - R. J. Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science; Faculty of Science; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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Patel ND, Chakrabory K, Messmer G, Krishnan K, Bossaer JB. Severe sunitinib-induced myelosuppression in a patient with a CYP 3A4 polymorphism. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2017; 24:623-626. [PMID: 28782406 DOI: 10.1177/1078155217724863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, is a first-line option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and widely used in clinical practice. Despite the proven benefit of sunitnib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, patients may suffer from a variety of adverse events including hypertension, fatigue, hypothyroidism, hand-foot skin reactions, rash, depigmentation, and myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is usually mild, transient and resolves during the two weeks at the end of each cycle where no drug is taken. We present a case of severe and early grade 3 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurring two weeks into a six-week cycle. Because of the extreme nature of the toxicity, CYP 3A4 polymorphisms were explored. The patient was found to be heterozygous for CYP 3A4*22, at least partially explaining the early-onset and severity of myelosuppression. This pharmacogenetics information resulted in a rechallenge of dose-reduced sunitinib, which was well tolerated by the patient. The current state of pharmacogenomics concerning sunitinb is also presented, and the need for greater research in this area is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav D Patel
- 1 Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Kanishka Chakrabory
- 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - John B Bossaer
- 4 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Abstract
e13043 Background: A goal of precision chemoprevention is to prevent or delay cancer progression by using minimally toxic agents guided by knowledge of alterations in oncogenic molecular pathways and signaling cascades. Indolent prostate cancer can benefit from chemopreventive agents by delaying growth. Vitamin E is not a single compound and refers to four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The use of all-racemic-alpha tocopheryl acetate in preventing cancer was studied in the SELECT clinical trial. This trial found it was not chemopreventive and could promote prostate cancer. We compared the abilities of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (AT), RRR-gamma-tocopherol (GT), and gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) in preventing growth of two prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and a control prostate cell line (RWPE-1) by quantifying their effects on two signaling pathways known to be pivotal in prostate carcinogenesis, AKT and MAP Kinase (pERK). Methods: LNCaP, PC-3, and RWPE-1 cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of AT, GT and GT3 in DMEM, and cytotoxicity determined by MTS cell culture experiments. We determined the effect of GT3 on signaling pathways by analyzing B-actin, P-AKT and p-ERK in combination with AKT and/or MEK inhibitors via Western immunoblot and PCR analysis. Results: Initial experiments with LNCaP and PC-3 cells showed GT3 induced the expression of pERK and p-c-JUN, inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptotic cell death. Neither AT nor GT had these effects. AKT was not activated by AT, GT or GT3. Inhibition of AKT activation via MK-2206 did not block GT3 growth inhibition in LNCaP cells. No growth inhibition was found with RWPE-1 control cells in presence of AT, GT or GT3 yet GT3 induced pERK expression. AT did not interfere with cancer growth inhibition and did not block the anticancer effects of GT3. Conclusions: GT3 induces the activation of pERK but this effect is not sufficient to account for the in vitro chemopreventive effects of this form of vitamin E. The AKT pathway is not modulated by GT3 and does not appear to be relevant to GT3 killing of PC-3 or LNCaP. Of five signaling pathways implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, we explored AKT and pERK. Future research will explore B-catenin, mTOR and PI3K.
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Gorniewicz J, Floyd M, Krishnan K, Bishop TW, Tudiver F, Lang F. Breaking bad news to patients with cancer: A randomized control trial of a brief communication skills training module incorporating the stories and preferences of actual patients. Patient Educ Couns 2017; 100:655-666. [PMID: 27876220 PMCID: PMC5407084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the effectiveness of a brief, learner-centered, breaking bad news (BBN) communication skills training module using objective evaluation measures. METHODS This randomized control study (N=66) compared intervention and control groups of students (n=28) and residents' (n=38) objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) performance of communication skills using Common Ground Assessment and Breaking Bad News measures. RESULTS Follow-up performance scores of intervention group students improved significantly regarding BBN (colon cancer (CC), p=0.007, r=-0.47; breast cancer (BC), p=0.003, r=-0.53), attention to patient responses after BBN (CC, p<0.001, r=-0.74; BC, p=0.001, r=-0.65), and addressing feelings (BC, p=0.006, r=-0.48). At CC follow-up assessment, performance scores of intervention group residents improved significantly regarding BBN (p=0.004, r=-0.43), communication related to emotions (p=0.034, r=-0.30), determining patient's readiness to proceed after BBN and communication preferences (p=0.041, r=-0.28), active listening (p=0.011, r=-0.37), addressing feelings (p<0.001, r=-0.65), and global interview performance (p=0.001, r=-0.51). CONCLUSION This brief BBN training module is an effective method of improving BBN communication skills among medical students and residents. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Implementation of this brief individualized training module within health education programs could lead to improved communication skills and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gorniewicz
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA.
| | - Michael Floyd
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Bishop
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Fred Tudiver
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Forrest Lang
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
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Munisamy M, Krishnan K, Selvaratnam G, Panza A, Pongpanich S, Jimba M. Not Tb-proof: latent tuberculosis in Kuala Lumpur Hospital health care workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2017; 67:2997524. [PMID: 28204665 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Munisamy
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - K Krishnan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia
| | - G Selvaratnam
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia
| | - A Panza
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - S Pongpanich
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - M Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Rose A, Wann D, Lightner J, Brannon M, Stone W, Palau V, Krishnan K. Abstract 3567: Metformin suppresses synthesis of pro-survival sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, by inhibition of sphingosine kinase-1, in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug, Metformin, may possess anti-cancer properties. Metformin has been shown to suppress proliferation of breast cancer cells primarily through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its suppression of downstream signaling pathways, such as mTOR, involved in cell replication. Other mechanisms may also play a role. Sphingolipids have a role in apoptosis and survival. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator, promotes cell survival, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, lymph angiogenesis, and immune response. S1P is involved in both intracellular and extracellular functions and regulates proliferation and survival. Blocking S1P synthesis inhibits cellular proliferation. Sphingosine kinase (SphK) is a lipid kinase that catalyzes formation of S1P from the precursor sphingosine. SphK is known to be upregulated in cancer cells, promoting tumor progression. S1P has a critical role in cancer progression and is considered a viable target for cancer therapeutics.
Our previous studies show that metformin has an effect on the synthesis of pro-apoptotic ceramides. We hypothesized that metformin induces cytotoxicity by reducing levels of the pro-survival sphingolipid, S1P. Firstly, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of metformin, and cytotoxicity was determined by MTT cell culture experiments after 24 hours of drug exposure. Metformin induces cytotoxicity in these breast cancer cells at a lowest concentration of 2.5mM, and percentage cytotoxicity increases in a dose-dependent manner. We utilized liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and determined that cellular S1P levels are decreased in MCF-7 cells treated with 2.5mM metformin when compared with the control group. Finally, we treated MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells with metformin, SK I/II (a known SphK inhibitor), and an untreated control group for 2, 4 and 6 hours. The dose of metformin was 10mM, which was chosen from a dose-response curve using MTT assay. The dose of SK I/II was 20uM, chosen based on the IC50 given. All treatments were done using low glucose media. Using the lysates from the harvested cells, gel electrophoresis and western blots using antibodies to SphK and S1P were run. Our results showed that metformin decreased the cellular levels of SphK and S1P. Thus, metformin exhibits anticancer properties via inhibiting the production of pro-survival lipid S1P. This data suggests that the pro-apoptotic effect of metformin may be partly mediated through its disruption of synthesis of S1P in breast cancer cells. Further work is necessary to characterize the sphingolipid content of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cancer cells before and after metformin treatment.
Citation Format: Ashley Rose, Daniel Wann, Janet Lightner, Marianne Brannon, William Stone, Victoria Palau, Koyamangalath Krishnan. Metformin suppresses synthesis of pro-survival sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, by inhibition of sphingosine kinase-1, in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Rose
- ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Daniel Wann
- ETSU Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
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Cross K, Palau V, Brannon M, Lightner J, Dycus M, Stone W, Krishnan K. Abstract 3568: Delta-tocotrienol and simvastatin induce cytotoxicity and synergy in BRAF mutant SK-MEL-28 but not in wild type BRAF SK-MEL-2 melanoma cancer cells. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Targeting the mutant BRAF protein is an accepted approach to the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Potent and specific BRAF inhibitors like vemurafenib and dabrafenib are superior to chemotherapy in treatment of BRAF mutant melanomas which represent nearly 50% of all melanomas. Previous studies have shown that certain isoforms of vitamin E and statins can have synergistic anti-cancer activity. We determined whether a combination of delta-tocotrienol (DT3), an unsaturated vitamin E isoform, and simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, can exert an anti-neoplastic activity on BRAF-mutated SK-MEL-28 and BRAF-wild type SK-MEL-2 melanoma cell lines and whether a differential effect would be evident.
MTS assays were used to analyze cytotoxicity. SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-2 cells were cultured in MEM media containing 10% serum and plated in 96-well culture plates for 24 hours then treated with DT3 (0-40 μM), simvastatin (0-5 μM), or a combination and dosed again at 48 hours. SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-2 cells grown in 60 mm plates and were treated with DT3 at concentrations of 40, 30, 20 μM, simvastatin at a concentrations of 20, 10, 5 μM or dissolution vehicle as a control for 6 h. Protein concentration of cell lysates was measured spectrophotometrically (GLO Max Multi+, Promega), using a BCA protein assay kit. The samples were run in SDS PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were incubated with antibodies against Hsp 70 (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY), Hsp 90 (Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX), pS6 and pBAD (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA).
Using MTS assay, we found that DT3 (IC50 38.8 μM) and simvastatin (IC50 22.7μM) have cytotoxic effects on melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28, but on the SK-MEL-2 cells DT3 does not have an effect at the concentrations studied (10-40 μM DT3) yet simvastatin (IC50 16.9 μM) does have cytotoxicity. Further studies determined that combinations of these drugs display a synergistic effect on SK-MEL-28 by inhibition of pS6 and pBAD and subsequent apoptosis. However, these effects are not observed in SK-MEL-2 cells; treated SK-MEL-2 cells show over-expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 suggestive of a rescue effect leading to lesser cytotoxic activity. The selective cytotoxicity observed in BRAF-mutated cells and not in wild type BRAF melanoma cell lines by both DT3 and simvastatin warrants further research into the potential therapeutic use of these combinations. This observation has added importance in the light of recent findings that show the acquisition of BRAF mutation is an early event in melanogenesis and hence these compounds may have a key role in chemoprevention approaches to melanoma.
Citation Format: Kelley Cross, Victoria Palau, Marianne Brannon, Janet Lightner, Megan Dycus, William Stone, Koyamangalath Krishnan. Delta-tocotrienol and simvastatin induce cytotoxicity and synergy in BRAF mutant SK-MEL-28 but not in wild type BRAF SK-MEL-2 melanoma cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Cross
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | | | | | | | - Megan Dycus
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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Krishnan K, Chen T, Paster BJ. A practical guide to the oral microbiome and its relation to health and disease. Oral Dis 2016; 23:276-286. [PMID: 27219464 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is incredibly complex with the average adult harboring about 50-100 billion bacteria in the oral cavity, which represent about 200 predominant bacterial species. Collectively, there are approximately 700 predominant taxa of which less than one-third still have not yet been grown in vitro. Compared to other body sites, the oral microbiome is unique and readily accessible. There is extensive literature available describing the oral microbiome and discussing the roles that bacteria may play in oral health and disease. However, the purpose of this review is not to rehash these detailed studies but rather to educate the reader with understanding the essence of the oral microbiome, namely that there are abundant bacteria in numbers and types, that there are molecular methods to rapidly determine bacterial associations, that there is site specificity for colonization of the host, that there are specific associations with oral health and disease, that oral bacteria may serve as biomarkers for non-oral diseases, and that oral microbial profiles may have potential use to assess disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, USA
| | - T Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B J Paster
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection & Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Pai RV, Bamankar YR, Yadav AK, Bhattacharyya D, Jha SN, Kasar UM, Krishnan K, Sali SK, Radhakrishna J. Synthesis, thermal characterization and local structure studies of Gd doped Th 0.7U 0.3O 2 using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(Th0.7−xU0.3Gdx)O2+y microspheres where x = 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 were prepared by internal gelation method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. N. Jha
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division
- India
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Burton A, Silva IDS, Hipwell J, Flugelman A, Kwong A, Peplonska B, Tamimi RM, Bertrand K, Vachon C, Hartman M, Lee CPL, Chia KS, Nagata C, Salem D, Sirous R, Maskarinec G, Ursin G, Dickens C, Lee JW, Kim J, Giles G, Krishnan K, Pereira A, Garmendia ML, Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Lajous M, Rice M, Van Gils C, Wanders H, Teo S, Mariapun S, Vinayak S, Ndumia R, Ozmen V, Stone J, Hopper J, Boyd N, McCormack V. PP01 International pooling project of mammographic density - insights of a marker of breast cancer risk from 22 diverse countries. Br J Soc Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206256.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Krishnan K, Smigielski J, Bergquist T, Milburn A. A-82Pilot Study Evaluating Caregiver Ratings of Behavioral Control in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury after a Coping Skills Intervention. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wann D, Palau V, Lightner J, Brannon M, Stone W, Krishnan K. Abstract 4639: Metformin decreases cellular ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines by inhibition of ceramide synthetic enzymes. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metformin, an anti-diabetic biguanide, has been shown to have cytotoxic and chemopreventive properties in in vitro and epidemiological studies, respectively. Metformin's predominant cytotoxic functions may be through activation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with subsequent cell apoptosis. Ceramides, a group of waxy lipids found in the cellular membrane, are key players in many elements of cell signaling, including the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. While traditionally thought of as being pro-apoptotic, this notion has been questioned with the discovery of pro-survival ceramides, as well as the demonstration that certain species of ceramides are increased in breast cancer cells. Metformin reduces ceramides in insulin-resistant mouse myoblasts and may reduce the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of metformin and cytotoxicity was determined by MTT cell culture experiments after 72 hours of drug exposure. Metformin induces cytotoxicity in these breast cancer cells at a lowest concentration of 1.25 mM, and percentage cytotoxicity increases in a dose-dependent manner. We then determined the effect of metformin on cell ceramide synthesis by analyzing key ceramide synthetic enzymes. Using western immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, we determined that metformin induces a reduction in serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase, dihydroceramide desaturase, and neutral sphingomyelinase in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We also analyzed the distribution of ceramides in treated breast cancer cells using polyclonal antibodies against ceramides. By confocal microscopy, ceramides are globally decreased in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin.
This data suggests that the pro-apoptotic effect of metformin may be partly mediated through its disruption of the balance of ceramides and/or through the reduction of pro-survival ceramides within breast cancer cells. It is also possible that the predominant ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells are pro-survival and metformin suppresses these ceramides. Further work is necessary to characterize the ceramide content of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells before and after metformin treatment.
Citation Format: Daniel Wann, Victoria Palau, Janet Lightner, Marianne Brannon, William Stone, Koyamangalath Krishnan. Metformin decreases cellular ceramides in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines by inhibition of ceramide synthetic enzymes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4639
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wann
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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Goodwill P, Ferguson M, Yu E, Zheng B, Lu K, Khandhar A, Kemp S, Krishnan K, Conolly S. E-139 in vivoperfusion imaging using magnetic particle imaging. J Neurointerv Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011917.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kohli K, Karvat A, Liu J, Krishnan K. MO-F-CAMPUS-I-01: EIT Imaging to Monitor Human Salivary Gland Functionality: A Feasibility Study. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Rogers M, Kalra S, Moukharskaya J, Chakraborty K, Niyazi M, Krishnan K, Lightner J, Brannon M, Stone WL, Palau VE. Synergistic growth inhibition of PC3 prostate cancer cells with low-dose combinations of simvastatin and alendronate. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:1851-1859. [PMID: 25862838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway plays an important role in cancer biology and has been targeted with farnesyl transferase inhibitors, although their efficacy is limited due to significant adverse effects. Statins and bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway at different steps, thus having negative effects at various levels on cancer cells. A combination of these drugs may result in an amplified cytotoxic effect and allow for use of significantly lower doses of the drugs involved. Statins inhibit the mevalonate pathway at 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and bisphosphonates at farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Our results show that low-dose combinations of simvastatin and alendronate have a synergistic cytotoxic effect on androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells, but not on androgen-dependent LNCaP or DU 145 prostate cancer cells. These two drugs cause a sequential blockade of the mevalonate pathway and significantly affect survival and apoptotic pathways by down-regulating phospho-AKT and activating c-JUN and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailien Rogers
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Sumit Kalra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Julia Moukharskaya
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, U.S.A
| | - Kanishka Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Janet Lightner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Marianne Brannon
- Department of Pediatrics, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - William L Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A
| | - Victoria E Palau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A.
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Ge L, Krishnan K, Hope M, Saloner D, Guccione J, Tseng EE. 163 * ASCENDING THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM WALL STRESS ANALYSIS USING PATIENT-SPECIFIC FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu276.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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McGoldrick CA, Jiang YL, Brannon M, Krishnan K, Stone WL. In vitro evaluation of novel N-acetylalaninate prodrugs that selectively induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:675. [PMID: 25234292 PMCID: PMC4180535 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cell esterases are often overexpressed and can have chiral specificities different from that of the corresponding normal cells and can, therefore, be useful targets for activating chemotherapeutic prodrug esters. Prodrug esters are inactive compounds that can be preferentially activated by esterase enzymes. Moreover, cancer cells often exhibit a high level of intrinsic oxidative stress due to an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decreased expression of some enzymatic antioxidants. Prodrugs designed to induce additional oxidative stress can selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells already exhibiting a high level of intrinsic oxidative stress. This study focused on the in vitro evaluation of four novel prodrug esters: the R- and S- chiral esters of 4-[(nitrooxy)methyl]phenyl N-acetylalaninate (R- and S-NPAA) and the R- and S- chiral esters of 4-[(nitrooxy)methyl]naphth-1-yl N-acetylalaninate (R- and S-NQM), which are activated, to varying extents, by oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH, EC 3.4.19.1) yielding a quinone methide (QM) intermediate capable of depleting glutathione (GSH), a key intracellular antioxidant. OPH is a serine esterase/protease that is overexpressed in some human tumors and cancer cell lines. Methods To evaluate the chiral ester prodrugs, we monitored cellular GSH depletion, cellular protein carbonyl levels (an oxidative stress biomarker) and cell viability in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic prostate cancer cell lines. Results We found that the prodrugs were activated by OPH and subsequently depleted GSH. The S-chiral ester of NPAA (S-NPAA) was two-fold more effective than the R-chiral ester (R-NPAA) in depleting GSH, increasing oxidative stress, inducing apoptosis, and decreasing cell viability in tumorigenic prostate LNCaP cells but had little effect on non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 cells. In addition, we found that that S-NPAA induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability in tumorigenic DU145 and PC3 prostate cell lines. Similar results were found in a COS-7 model that overexpressed active human OPH (COS-7-OPH). Conclusions Our results suggest that prostate tumors overexpressing OPH and/or exhibiting a high level of intrinsic oxidative stress may be susceptible to QM generating prodrug esters that are targeted to OPH with little effect on non-tumorigenic prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William L Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-0578, USA.
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Krishnan K, Lin CY, Keswani R, Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ, Komanduri S. Endoscopic ultrasound as an adjunctive evaluation in patients with esophageal motor disorders subtyped by high-resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1172-8. [PMID: 25041229 PMCID: PMC4331010 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal motor disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions identified by esophageal manometry that lead to esophageal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the further evaluation of patients with esophageal motor disorders categorized using the updated Chicago Classification. METHODS We performed a retrospective, single center study of 62 patients with esophageal motor disorders categorized according to the Chicago Classification. All patients underwent standard radial endosonography to assess for extra-esophageal findings or alternative explanations for esophageal outflow obstruction. Secondary outcomes included esophageal wall thickness among the different patient subsets within the Chicago Classification. KEY RESULTS EUS identified 9/62 (15%) clinically relevant findings that altered patient management and explained the etiology of esophageal outflow obstruction. We further identified substantial variability in esophageal wall thickness in a proportion of patients including some with a significantly thickened non-muscular layer. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES EUS findings are clinically relevant in a significant number of patients with motor disorders and can alter clinical management. Variability in esophageal wall thickness of the muscularis propria and non-muscular layers identified by EUS may also explain the observed variability in response to standard therapies for achalasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kohli K, Liu F, Krishnan K. SU-E-I-52: Validation of Multi-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography Using Computed Tomography. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Stone WL, Krishnan K, Campbell SE, Palau VE. The role of antioxidants and pro-oxidants in colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:55-66. [PMID: 24653795 PMCID: PMC3955779 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i3.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the roles antioxidants and pro-oxidants in colorectal cancer (CRC). Considerable evidence suggests that environmental factors play key roles in the incidence of sporadic CRC. If pro-oxidant factors play an etiological role in CRC it is reasonable to expect causal interconnections between the well-characterized risk factors for CRC, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Cigarette smoking, a high dietary consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol intake are all associated with increased CRC risk. These risk factors are all pro-oxidant stressors and their connections to oxidative stress, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal microfold cells, cyclooxygenase-2 and CRC are detailed in this review. While a strong case can be made for pro-oxidant stressors in causing CRC, the role of food antioxidants in preventing CRC is less certain. It is clear that not every micronutrient with antioxidant activity can prevent CRC. It is plausible, however, that the optimal food antioxidants for preventing CRC have not yet been critically evaluated. Increasing evidence suggests that RRR-gamma-tocopherol (the primary dietary form of vitamin E) or other “non-alpha-tocopherol” forms of vitamin E (e.g., tocotrienols) might be effective. Aspirin is an antioxidant and its consumption is linked to a decreased risk of CRC.
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Phatak R, Gupta SK, Krishnan K, Sali SK, Godbole SV, Das A. Crystallographic site swapping of La3+ ion in BaA'LaTeO6 (A' = Na, K, Rb) double perovskite type compounds: diffraction and photoluminescence evidence for the site swapping. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3306-12. [PMID: 24363108 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double perovskite type compounds of the formula BaA'LaTeO6 (A' = Na, K, Rb) were synthesized by solid state route and their crystal structures were determined by Rietveld analysis using powder X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction data. Na compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with P2₁/n space group whereas, K and Rb compounds crystallize in Fm3m space group. All the three compounds show rock salt type ordering at B site. Crystal structure analysis shows that La ion occupies A site in Na compound whereas, it occupies B site in K and Rb compounds according to the general formula of AA'BB'O6 for a double perovskite type compound. Effect of this crystallographic site swapping of the La ion was also observed in the photoluminescence study by doping Eu(3+) in La(3+) site. The large decrease in the intensity of the electric dipole ((5)D0-(7)F2) transition in the Rb compound compared to the Na compound indicates that Eu(3+) ion resides in the centrosymmetric octahedral environment in the Rb compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Phatak
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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McGoldrick CA, Jiang YL, Paromov V, Brannon M, Krishnan K, Stone WL. Identification of oxidized protein hydrolase as a potential prodrug target in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:77. [PMID: 24512522 PMCID: PMC3925015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esterases are often overexpressed in cancer cells and can have chiral specificities different from that of the corresponding normal tissues. For this reason, ester prodrugs could be a promising approach in chemotherapy. In this study, we focused on the identification and characterization of differentially expressed esterases between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic prostate epithelial cells. Methods Cellular lysates from LNCaP, DU 145, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines, tumorigenic RWPE-2 prostate epithelial cells, and non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells were separated by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (n-PAGE) and the esterase activity bands visualized using α-naphthyl acetate or α-naphthyl-N-acetylalaninate (ANAA) chiral esters and Fast Blue RR salt. The esterases were identified using nanospray LC/MS-MS tandem mass spectrometry and confirmed by Western blotting, native electroblotting, inhibition assays, and activity towards a known specific substrate. The serine protease/esterase oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH) was overexpressed in COS-7 cells to verify our results. Results The major esterase observed with the ANAA substrates within the n-PAGE activity bands was identified as OPH. OPH (EC 3.4.19.1) is a serine protease/esterase and a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase family. We found that LNCaP lysates contained approximately 40% more OPH compared to RWPE-1 lysates. RWPE-2, DU145 and PC3 cell lysates had similar levels of OPH activity. OPH within all of the cell lysates tested had a chiral preference for the S-isomer of ANAA. LNCaP cells were stained more intensely with ANAA substrates than RWPE-1 cells and COS-7 cells overexpressing OPH were found to have a higher activity towards the ANAA and AcApNA than parent COS-7 cells. Conclusions These data suggest that prodrug derivatives of ANAA and AcApNA could have potential as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer tumors that overexpress OPH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - William L Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, P,O, Box 70579, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Chakraborty K, Ramsauer VP, Stone W, Krishnan K. Tocotrienols in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment and Prevention. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aidukaitis, CNA L, Allensworth JL, Andallu B, Aqil F, Arora V, Aziz, MD K, Baba Y, Bae YJ, Baveja A, Bisoffi M, Burky R, Bynum D, Calaf GM, Canuto, MD RA, Catalano, MD MG, Chakraborty K, Chen YC, Chen RJ, Chi CW, Chopra K, Coccia R, Cohen J, Cruz A, Das S, Datta P, Del Bo’ C, Devi GR, Evans, MD MK, Fadda M, Fajardo AM, Farias-Eisner R, Finocchiaro C, Foppoli C, Georgakilas AG, Gilaberte Y, Gonzalez S, Goya L, Gupta RC, Hamilton C, Hatzi VI, Hayashi S, Hummel C, Jeyabalan J, Joshi T, Joshua Loke WS, Juarranz A, Kang D, Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Krishnan K, Kuhad A, Lee SA, Lewis CR, Lim MY, Liu P, Maggiora M, Martin OA, Martín MA, Mehrotra S, Munagala R, Muzio G, Naito S, Nakajo M, Nishizawa T, Nowsheen S, O’Neill K, Olas B, Parrado C, Perluigi M, Philips N, Pramanik KC, Rajeshwari C, Ramos S, Ramsauer VP, Riso P, Robison R, Sachdeva AK, Saha SK, Sauer SJ, Schena M, Shiota M, Shobha R, Singh IP, Singh P, Siomyk H, Siva S, Sonoda S, Srivastava SK, Stone W, Sung MK, Sung MT, Suzuki H, Thomas PS, Tosuji N, Vendrame S, Wang YJ, White M, Yokomizo A. List of Contributors. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.01002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jurdi A, Krishnan K, Chakraborty K. A ‘double-hit’ bone marrow rare co-occurrence of 2 different pathologies. J Community Support Oncol 2014; 12:33-4. [DOI: 10.12788/jcso.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Krishnan K, Liu J, Thomas S, Kohli K. SU-E-I-77: A Phantom to Assess EIT/CT Imaging System. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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