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Kaleva MD, Ilieva Y, Zaharieva MM, Dimitrova L, Kim TC, Tsvetkova I, Georgiev Y, Orozova P, Nedev K, Najdenski H. Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Farms and Surroundings in Bulgaria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1909. [PMID: 37630469 PMCID: PMC10459462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a ubiquitous microorganism with pathogenic and saprophytic clones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence, virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of E. coli in three industrial farms in Bulgaria, as well as their adjacent sites related to the utilization of manure (feces, wastewater in a separator, lagoons, means of transport, and soils). The isolation of single bacterial cultures was performed via standard procedures with modifications, and E. coli isolates were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial resistance, and PCR was used to detect genes for antibiotic resistance (GAR) (qnr, aac(3), ampC, blaSHV/blaTEM and erm) and virulence genes (stx, stx2all, LT, STa, F4 and eae). The protocol of Stepanović was utilized to measure the biofilm formation of the isolates. A total of 84 isolates from different samples (n = 53) were identified as E. coli. Almost all demonstrated antimicrobial resistance, and most of them demonstrated resistance to multiple antibiotics from different classes. No virulence genes coding the Shiga toxin or enterotoxins or those associated with enteropathogenicity were detected. No GAR from those tested for quinolones, aminoglycosides and macrolides were found. However, all isolates that were resistant to a penicillin-class antibiotic (56) had β-lactamase-producing plasmid genes. All of them had ampC, and 34 of them had blaTEM. A total of 14 isolates formed strongly adherent biofilms. These results in a country where the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and prophylaxis in farms is highly restricted corroborate that the global implemented policy on antibiotics in human medicine and in animal husbandry needs revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila D. Kaleva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yana Ilieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Maya Margaritova Zaharieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lyudmila Dimitrova
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tanya Chan Kim
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Iva Tsvetkova
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yordan Georgiev
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Petya Orozova
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish, Mollusks and Crustacean Diseases, National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Institute, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Krasimir Nedev
- Swine Complex (Svinekompleks) Krumovo Gradishte, Boni Holding AD, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
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Gatsev O, Mangaldjev R, Dimcheva M, Parvanova V, Nedev K, Zahariev Z, Robev B, Sergieva S, Petkova K, Saltirov I. SPECT-CT imaging with 99mTc-PSMA for the diagnosis of prostate cancer recurrence. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(22)00136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Vasileva-Slaveva M, Maslyankov S, Velikova N, Nedev K, Georgiev I, Chupryna E, Strashilov S, Yordanov A. 173P Quality indicators of treatment of breast cancer in Bulgaria. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The effect of the low-molecular-mass natural reagents in high concentrations is important for investigating enzymatic reactions in near "in vivo" conditions and for optimisation of biotechnology processes. A model system, including p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate and alpha-chymotrypsin as proteolytic enzyme, has been used to study the effect of high concentrations of sucrose, both influencing the viscosity of the reaction medium and acting as a nucleophilic effector (activator) on the enzymatic reaction. A kinetic scheme at high concentrations of nucleophilic effectors (sucrose) has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todorova
- Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
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