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Diwan V, Hoy WE, Wang Z, Zhang J, Cameron A, Venuthurupalli SK, Fassett RG, Chan S, Healy HG, Tan KS, Baer R, Mallett AJ, Gray N, Mantha M, Cherian R, Mutatiri C, Madhan K, Kan G, Mitchell G, Hossain S, Wu D, Han T, Kark A, Titus T, Ranganathan D, Bonner A, Govindarajulu S. Hospitalizations Among Adults With CKD in Public Renal Specialty Practices: A Retrospective Study From Queensland, Australia. Kidney Med 2023; 5:100700. [PMID: 37649728 PMCID: PMC10462882 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Little is known about hospital admissions in nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) before death or starting kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Study Design Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting & Participants Hospitalizations among 7,201 patients with CKD from 10 public renal clinics in Queensland (QLD), enrolled in the CKD.QLD registry starting in May 2011, were followed for 25,496.34 person-years until they started receiving KRT or died, or until June 30, 2018. Predictors Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with CKD. Outcomes Hospital admissions. Analytical Approach We evaluated the association of demographic and clinical features with hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and cost. Results Approximately 81.5% of the patients were admitted at least once, with 42,283 admissions, costing Australian dollars (AUD) 231 million. The average number of admissions per person-year was 1.7, and the cost was AUD 9,060, 10 times and 2 times their Australian averages, respectively. Single (1-day) admissions constituted 59.2% of all the hospital episodes, led by neoplasms (largely chemotherapy), anemia, CKD-related conditions and eye conditions (largely cataract extractions), but only 14.8% of the total costs. Approximately 41% of admissions were >1-day admissions, constituting 85.2% of the total costs, with cardiovascular conditions, respiratory conditions, CKD-related conditions, and injuries, fractures, or poisoning being the dominant causes. Readmission within 30 days of discharge constituted >42% of the admissions and 46.8% costs. Admissions not directly related to CKD constituted 90% of the admissions and costs. More than 40% of the admissions and costs were through the emergency department. Approximately 19% of the hospitalized patients and 27% of the admissions did not have kidney disease mentioned as either principal or associate causes. Limitations Variable follow-up times because of different dates of consent. Conclusions The hospital burden of patients with CKD is mainly driven by complex multiday admissions and readmissions involving comorbid conditions, which may not be directly related to their CKD. Strategies to prevent these complex admissions and readmissions should minimize hospital costs and outcomes. Plain-Language Summary We analyzed primary causes, types, and costs of hospitalizations among 7,201 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from renal speciality clinics across Queensland, Australia, over an average follow-up of 3.54 years. The average annual cost per person was $9,060, and was the highest in those with more advanced CKD, higher age, and with diabetes. More than 85% of costs were driven by more complex hospitalizations with longer length of stay. Cardiovascular disease was the single largest contributor for hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and total costs. Readmission within 30 days of discharge, particularly for the same disorder, and multiday admissions should be the main targets for mitigation of hospital costs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Diwan
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy E. Hoy
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zaimin Wang
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Cameron
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sree K. Venuthurupalli
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Brisbane, Renal Service, Ipswich Hospital, West Moreton Hospital and Health Service, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G. Fassett
- Tasmanian Health Service Northwest, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Studies, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen G. Healy
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ken-Soon Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Logan Hospital, Logan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Baer
- Department of Nephrology, Logan Hospital, Logan, Queensland, Australia
- Nephrology, Cairns Private Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Mallett
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Renal Unit, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Gray
- Renal Medicine, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Murty Mantha
- Nephrology, Cairns Private Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy Cherian
- Nephrology Service, North Mackay, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clyson Mutatiri
- Renal Unit, Bundaberg Hospital, Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
| | - Krishan Madhan
- Renal Medicine, Hervey Bay Hospital, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
- Hervey Bay Clinical School, University of Queensland, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Kan
- Renal Unit, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Mitchell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Danielle Wu
- Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay HHS, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thin Han
- Rockhampton Hospital, Central Queensland HHS, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian Kark
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Titus
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ann Bonner
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - NHMRC CKD.CRE and the CKD.QLD Collaborative
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLD, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Brisbane, Renal Service, Ipswich Hospital, West Moreton Hospital and Health Service, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Logan Hospital, Logan, Queensland, Australia
- Nephrology, Cairns Private Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Renal Unit, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Nephrology Service, North Mackay, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
- Renal Unit, Bundaberg Hospital, Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Hervey Bay Hospital, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
- Hervey Bay Clinical School, University of Queensland, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
- Bundaberg Hospital, Bundaberg Central, Queensland, Australia
- Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay HHS, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
- Rockhampton Hospital, Central Queensland HHS, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- St Andrew’s Hospital, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Tasmanian Health Service Northwest, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Studies, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Hoy WE, Wang Z, Zhang J, Diwan V, Cameron A, Venuthurupalli SK, Fassett RG, Chan S, Healy HG, Tan K, Baer R, Mallett AJ, Gray N, Mantha M, Cherian R, Mutatiri C, Madhan K, Kan G, Mitchell G, Hossain S, Wu D, Han T, Kark A, Titus T, Ranganathan D, Bonner A, Govindarajulu S. Chronic kidney disease in public renal practices in Queensland, Australia, 2011-2018. Nephrology (Carlton) 2022; 27:934-944. [PMID: 36161428 PMCID: PMC9828529 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe adults with (non-dialysis) chronic kidney disease (CKD) in nine public renal practice sites in the Australian state of Queensland. METHODS 7,060 persons were recruited to a CKD Registry in May 2011 and until start of kidney replacement therapy (KRT), death without KRT or June 2018, for a median period of 3.4 years. RESULTS The cohort comprised 7,060 persons, 52% males, with a median age of 68 yr; 85% had CKD stages 3A to 5, 45.4% were diabetic, 24.6% had diabetic nephropathy, and 51.7% were obese. Younger persons mostly had glomerulonephritis or genetic renal disease, while older persons mostly had diabetic nephropathy, renovascular disease and multiple diagnoses. Proportions of specific renal diagnoses varied >2-fold across sites. Over the first year, eGFR fell in 24% but was stable or improved in 76%. Over follow up, 10% started KRT, at a median age of 62 yr, most with CKD stages 4 and 5 at consent, while 18.8% died without KRT, at a median age of 80 yr. Indigenous people were younger at consent and more often had diabetes and diabetic kidney disease and had higher incidence rates of KRT. CONCLUSION The spectrum of characteristics in CKD patients in renal practices is much broader than represented by the minority who ultimately start KRT. Variation in CKD by causes, age, site and Indigenous status, the prevalence of obesity, relative stability of kidney function in many persons over the short term, and differences between those who KRT and die without KRT are all important to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E. Hoy
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Zaimin Wang
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Vishal Diwan
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anne Cameron
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sree K. Venuthurupalli
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Renal Service, Ipswich Hospital, West Moreton Hospital and Health ServiceIpswichQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert G. Fassett
- Tasmanian Health Service NorthwestHobartTasmaniaAustralia,School of Human Movement and Nutrition StudiesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Samuel Chan
- Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Helen G. Healy
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ken‐Soon Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Logan HospitalLoganQueenslandAustralia
| | - Richard Baer
- Department of Nephrology, Logan HospitalLoganQueenslandAustralia,Department of Nephrology, Cairns Private HospitalCairnsQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Mallett
- Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,College of Medicine & DentistryJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia,Renal Unit, The Townsville HospitalTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicholas Gray
- Renal MedicineSunshine Coast University HospitalSunshine CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Murty Mantha
- Department of Nephrology, Cairns Private HospitalCairnsQueenslandAustralia
| | - Roy Cherian
- Nephrology Service, North MackayMackayQueenslandAustralia
| | - Clyson Mutatiri
- Renal Unit, Bundaberg Hospital, Wide Bay Hospital and Health ServiceBundabergQueenslandAustralia
| | - Krishan Madhan
- Renal Medicine, Hervey Bay HospitalHervey BayQueenslandAustralia,Hervey Bay Clinical SchoolUniversity of QueenslandHervey BayQueenslandAustralia
| | - George Kan
- Renal Unit, The Townsville HospitalTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Geoffrey Mitchell
- Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Danielle Wu
- Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay HHSMackayQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thin Han
- Rockhampton Hospital, Central Queensland HHSRockhamptonQueenslandAustralia,Rural Clinical SchoolUniversity of QueenslandRockhamptonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Adrian Kark
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thomas Titus
- Gold Coast University HospitalGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Dwarakanatan Ranganathan
- Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,School of Medicine and DentistryGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ann Bonner
- NHMRC CKD.CRE and CKD.QLDBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Kidney Health Service, Metro North Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,School of Nursing and MidwiferyGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
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4
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Viecelli AK, Teixeira-Pinto A, Valks A, Baer R, Cherian R, Cippà PE, Craig JC, DeSilva R, Jaure A, Johnson DW, Kiriwandeniya C, Kopperschmidt P, Liu WJ, Lee T, Lok C, Madhan K, Mallard AR, Oliver V, Polkinghorne KR, Quinn RR, Reidlinger D, Roberts M, Sautenet B, Hooi LS, Smith R, Snoeijs M, Tordoir J, Vachharajani TJ, Vanholder R, Vergara LA, Wilkie M, Yang B, Yuo TH, Zou L, Hawley CM. Study protocol for Vascular Access outcome measure for function: a vaLidation study In hemoDialysis (VALID). BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:372. [PMCID: PMC9675211 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A functioning vascular access (VA) is crucial to providing adequate hemodialysis (HD) and considered a critically important outcome by patients and healthcare professionals. A validated, patient-important outcome measure for VA function that can be easily measured in research and practice to harvest reliable and relevant evidence for informing patient-centered HD care is lacking. Vascular Access outcome measure for function: a vaLidation study In hemoDialysis (VALID) aims to assess the accuracy and feasibility of measuring a core outcome for VA function established by the international Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology (SONG) initiative. Methods VALID is a prospective, multi-center, multinational validation study that will assess the accuracy and feasibility of measuring VA function, defined as the need for interventions to enable and maintain the use of a VA for HD. The primary objective is to determine whether VA function can be measured accurately by clinical staff as part of routine clinical practice (Assessor 1) compared to the reference standard of documented VA procedures collected by a VA expert (Assessor 2) during a 6-month follow-up period. Secondary outcomes include feasibility and acceptability of measuring VA function and the time to, rate of, and type of VA interventions. An estimated 612 participants will be recruited from approximately 10 dialysis units of different size, type (home-, in-center and satellite), governance (private versus public), and location (rural versus urban) across Australia, Canada, Europe, and Malaysia. Validity will be measured by the sensitivity and specificity of the data acquisition process. The sensitivity corresponds to the proportion of correctly identified interventions by Assessor 1, among the interventions identified by Assessor 2 (reference standard). The feasibility of measuring VA function will be assessed by the average data collection time, data completeness, feasibility questionnaires and semi-structured interviews on key feasibility aspects with the assessors. Discussion Accuracy, acceptability, and feasibility of measuring VA function as part of routine clinical practice are required to facilitate global implementation of this core outcome across all HD trials. Global use of a standardized, patient-centered outcome measure for VA function in HD research will enhance the consistency and relevance of trial evidence to guide patient-centered care. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03969225. Registered on 31st May 2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02987-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Viecelli
- grid.412744.00000 0004 0380 2017Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,grid.489335.00000000406180938The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Armando Teixeira-Pinto
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XCentre for Kidney Research, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea Valks
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard Baer
- grid.416528.c0000 0004 0637 701XMater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Roy Cherian
- grid.460765.60000 0004 0430 0107Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay, Australia
| | - Pietro E. Cippà
- grid.469433.f0000 0004 0514 7845Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan C. Craig
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ranil DeSilva
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Allison Jaure
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- grid.412744.00000 0004 0380 2017Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,grid.489335.00000000406180938The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charani Kiriwandeniya
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Wen-J Liu
- grid.413461.50000 0004 0621 7083Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Timmy Lee
- grid.280808.a0000 0004 0419 1326Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Charmaine Lok
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alistair R. Mallard
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Veronica Oliver
- grid.412744.00000 0004 0380 2017Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Kevan R. Polkinghorne
- grid.416060.50000 0004 0390 1496Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Rob R. Quinn
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Donna Reidlinger
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Roberts
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lai Seong Hooi
- grid.413461.50000 0004 0621 7083Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Rob Smith
- grid.240634.70000 0000 8966 2764Patient Partner, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Maarten Snoeijs
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tordoir
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tushar J. Vachharajani
- grid.239578.20000 0001 0675 4725Department of Kidney Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA ,grid.254293.b0000 0004 0435 0569Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Liza A. Vergara
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin Wilkie
- grid.31410.370000 0000 9422 8284Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bing Yang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Theodore H. Yuo
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Li Zou
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Carmel M. Hawley
- grid.412744.00000 0004 0380 2017Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,grid.489335.00000000406180938The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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