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Bi L, Jamnuch S, Chen A, Do A, Balto KP, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tao AR, Pascal TA, Figueroa JS, Li S. Molecular-Scale Visualization of Steric Effects of Ligand Binding to Reconstructed Au(111) Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11764-11772. [PMID: 38625675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Direct imaging of single molecules at nanostructured interfaces is a grand challenge with potential to enable new, precise material architectures and technologies. Of particular interest are the structural morphology and spectroscopic signatures of the adsorbed molecule, where modern probes are only now being developed with the necessary spatial and energetic resolution to provide detailed information at the molecule-surface interface. Here, we directly characterize the adsorption of individual m-terphenyl isocyanide ligands on a reconstructed Au(111) surface through scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. The site-dependent steric pressure of the various surface features alters the vibrational fingerprints of the m-terphenyl isocyanides, which are characterized with single-molecule precision through joint experimental and theoretical approaches. This study provides molecular-level insights into the steric-pressure-enabled surface binding selectivity as well as its effect on the chemical properties of individual surface-binding ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Bi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Amanda Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Alexandria Do
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Krista P Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Yufei Wang
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Yanning Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Andrea R Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0418, United States
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Wang Y, Chen AA, Balto KP, Xie Y, Figueroa JS, Pascal TA, Tao AR. Curvature-Selective Nanocrystal Surface Ligation Using Sterically-Encumbered Metal-Coordinating Ligands. ACS Nano 2022; 16:12747-12754. [PMID: 35943141 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ligands are critical in determining the physiochemical properties of inorganic nanocrystals. However, precise nanocrystal surface modification is extremely difficult to achieve. Most research focuses on finding ligands that fully passivate the nanocrystal surface, with an emphasis on the supramolecular structure generated by the ligand shell. Inspired by molecular metal-coordination complexes, we devised an approach based on ligand anchoring groups that are flanked by encumbering organic substituents and are chemoselective for binding to nanocrystal corner, edge, and facet sites. Through experiment and theory, we affirmed that the surface-ligand steric pressures generated by these organic substituents are significant enough to impede binding to regions of low nanocurvature, such as nanocrystal facets, and to promote binding to regions of high curvature such as nanocrystal edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Amanda A Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
| | - Krista P Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Andrea R Tao
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
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Sikma RE, Balto KP, Figueroa JS, Cohen SM. Metal–Organic Frameworks with Low‐Valent Metal Nodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206353. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Eric Sikma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Krista P. Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Balto KP, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Crystalline Hydrogen-Bonding Networks and Mixed-Metal Framework Materials Enabled by an Electronically Differentiated Heteroditopic Isocyanide/Carboxylate Linker Group. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12545-12554. [PMID: 34347461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-metal solid-state framework materials are emerging candidates for advanced applications in catalysis and chemical separations. Traditionally, the syntheses of mixed-metal framework systems rely on postsynthetic ion exchange, metalloligands, or metal-deposition techniques for the incorporation of a second metal within a framework material. However, these methods are often incompatible with the incorporation of low-valent metal centers, which preferentially bind to electronically "soft" ligands according to the tenets of hard/soft acid/base theory. Here we present the electronically differentiated isocyanide/carboxylate heteroditopic linker ligand 1,4-CNArMes2C6H4CO2H (TIBMes2H; TIB = terphenyl isocyanide benzoate; ArMes2 = 2,6-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2C6H2), which is capable of selective binding of low-valent metals via the isocyano group and complexation of hard Lewis acidic metals through the carboxylate unit. This heteroditopic ligand also possesses an encumbering m-terphenyl backbone at the isocyanide function to foster coordinative unsaturation. The treatment of TIBMes2H with [Cu(NCMe)4]PF6 in a 3:1 ratio results in preferential binding of the isocyanide group to the Cu(I) center as assayed by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopies. IR spectroscopy also provides strong evidence for the formation of a copper(I) tris(isocyanide) complex, wherein the carboxylic acid group remains unperturbed. The addition of TIBMes2 to [Cu(NCMe)4]PF6 in a 4:1 ratio results in crystallization of the hydrogen-bonding network, [Cu(TIBMes2H)4]PF6, in which the formation of R22(8) hydrogen bonds results in a 7-fold interpenetrated diamondoid lattice structure. The preassembly of a copper(I) tris(isocyanide) complex using TIBMes2H, followed by deprotonation and the introduction of ZnCl2, generates a novel and unusual zwitterionic solid-state phase (denoted as Cu/Zn-ISOCN-5; ISOCN = isocyanide coordination network) consisting of a coordinatively unsaturated [Cu(CNR)3]+ cationic secondary building unit (SBU) and an anionic, paddlewheel-type Zn(II)-based SBU of the formulation [Cl2Zn2(O2CR)3]-. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis provided firm evidence for a 2:1 Zn-to-Cu ratio in the network, thereby indicating that the isocyanide and carboxylate groups selectively bind soft and hard Lewis acidic metal centers, respectively. The extended structure of Cu/Zn-ISOCN-5 is a densely packed, noninterpenetrated AB-stacked layer network with modest surface area. However, it is thermally robust, and its formation and compositional integrity validate the use of an electronically differentiated linker for the formation of mixed-metal frameworks incorporating low-valent metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista P Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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Lorzing GR, Balto KP, Antonio AM, Trump BA, Brown CM, Bloch ED. Elucidating the Structure of the Metal-Organic Framework Ru-HKUST-1. Chem Mater 2020; 32:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01944. [PMID: 37829560 PMCID: PMC10569088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Ru-HKUST-1 (Ru 3 ( btc ) 2 X 1.5 ; btc 3 - = 1 , 3 , 5 -benzenetricarboxylate ; X - = chloride , acetate , trimesate , hydroxide ) has received considerable attention as a result of its structure type, tunability, and the redox-active nature of its constituent metal paddlewheel building units. As compared to some of the other members of the HKUST-1 family, its surface area is typically reported as ~25% lower than expected. In contrast to this, a related ruthenium-based porous coordination cage, Ru 24 ( t Bu-bdc ) 24 Cl 12 , displays the expected surface area when compared to Cr 2 + and Mo 2 + analogs. Here, we examine the factors that result in this decreased surface area for the MOF. We show that with appropriate solvent exchange and activation conditions, Ru-HKUST-1 can display a B.E.T. surface areas as high as 1439 m2/g. We utilize a combination of spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to accurately determine the structure of the MOF, which is most accurately described here as Ru 3 ( btc ) 2 ( OAc ) 1.07 Cl 0.43 , as prepared under our conditions. Further, by simply treating the sample as air-sensitive upon isolation, adsorption selectivities toward unsaturated molecu les greatly improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Lorzing
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Krista P. Balto
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Antonio
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Trump
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Craig M. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eric D. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Abstract
Coordination assemblies containing transition-metal cations with coordinatively unsaturated sites remain a challenging target in the synthesis of porous molecules. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of three porous hybrid inorganic/organic porous molecular assemblies based on cobalt(II) and nickel(II). Precise tuning of ligand functionalization allows for the isolation of molecular species in addition to two- and three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks. The cobaltous and nickelous cage compounds display excellent thermal stabilities in excess of 473 K and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas on the order of 200 m2/g. The precise ligand functionalization utilized here to control phases between discrete molecules and higher-dimensional solids can potentially further be tuned to optimize the porosity and solubility in future molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Casey A. Rowland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Krista P. Balto
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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