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Strobl F, Michelotto J, Muth V, Moosburner S, Knaub K, Zimmer M, Patel MS, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N, Gassner JMGV. Advancing Perfusion Models: Dual-Vessel Ex Vivo Rat Liver Perfusion Based on a Clinical Setup. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:518-528. [PMID: 37498780 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Normothermic ex vivo liver machine perfusion (NEVLP) has been developed to address the increasing organ shortage in liver transplantation, through optimal preservation, assessment, and conditioning of grafts from extended criteria donors. There remains a need to establish simple and standardized animal models that simulate clinical NEVLP to test novel therapies. Liver grafts from 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused for 6 h in a dual-vessel NEVLP system with a Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium-based perfusate supplemented with rat plasma and erythrocytes. Varying doses of the clinically used vasodilator epoprostenol, Kupffer cell inhibitor glycine, and a Steen™-based perfusate were assessed. Perfusion pressures and bile production were recorded, and perfusate was analyzed for transaminase secretion. Tissue samples were evaluated histologically, and levels of cytokines and 8-Isoprostane were measured. Increasing levels of epoprostenol and the addition of glycine resulted in a stepwise decrease of transaminase secretion and improved bile production. Steen further decreased transaminase release and interleukin 1 beta levels. Liver grafts perfused with the optimized Steen-based protocol exhibited lowest levels of oxidative stress and best-preserved liver integrity. In conclusion, epoprostenol seemed to ameliorate liver function and prevent cellular damage beyond its vasodilatory effect, with glycine acting synergistically. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Steen further improved the outcome of perfusion. Our rodent NEVLP system may be used to rapidly test new agents for the pharmacologic conditioning of livers and help translate findings from bench-to-bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Strobl
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Michelotto
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Muth
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Knaub
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Zimmer
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madhukar S Patel
- Division of Surgical Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph M G V Gassner
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Muth V, Gassner JMGV, Moosburner S, Lurje G, Michelotto J, Strobl F, Knaub K, Engelmann C, Tacke F, Selzner M, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N. Ex Vivo Liver Machine Perfusion: Comprehensive Review of Common Animal Models. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2023; 29:10-27. [PMID: 35848526 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common preservation technique for liver grafts is static cold storage. Due to the organ shortage for liver transplantation (LT), extended criteria donor (ECD) allografts are increasingly used-despite the higher risk of inferior outcome after transplantation. Ex vivo liver machine perfusion (MP) has been developed to improve the outcome of transplantation, especially with ECD grafts, and is currently under evaluation in clinical trials. We performed a literature search on PubMed and ISI Web of Science to assemble an overview of rodent and porcine animal models of ex vivo liver MP for transplantation, which is essential for the present and future development of clinical liver MP. Hypothermic, subnormothermic, and normothermic MP systems have been successfully used for rat and pig LT. In comparison with hypothermic systems, normothermic perfusion often incorporates a dialysis unit. Moreover, it enables metabolic assessment of liver grafts. Allografts experiencing warm ischemic time have a superior survival rate after MP compared with cold storage alone, irrespective of the temperature used for perfusion. Furthermore, ex vivo MP improves the outcome of regular and ECD liver grafts in animal models. Small and large animal models of ex vivo liver MP are available to foster the further development of this new technology. Impact Statement Ex vivo machine perfusion is an important part of current research in the field of liver transplantation. While evidence for improve storage is constantly rising, the development of future applications such as quality assessment and therapeutic interventions necessitates robust animal models. This review is intended to provide an overview of this technology in common large and small animal models and to give an outlook on future applications. Moreover, we describe developmental steps that can be followed by others, and which can help to decrease the number of animals used for experiments based on the replace, reduce, refine concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Muth
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph M G V Gassner
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Michelotto
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Strobl
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Knaub
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Engelmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Selzner
- Department of Surgery, Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgery, Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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