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Suchy-Dicey AM, Vo TT, Oziel K, King R, Barbosa-Leiker C, Rhoads K, Verney S, Buchwald DS, French BF. Psychometric Properties of Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) Test and Associations With Education and Bilingualism in American Indian Adults: The Strong Heart Study. Assessment 2024; 31:745-757. [PMID: 37338127 PMCID: PMC10840386 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231180127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) test is used to assess phonemic fluency and executive function. Formal validation of test scores is important for accurate cognitive evaluation. However, there is a dearth of psychometric validation among American Indian adults. Given high burden of dementia risk and key contextual factors associated with cognitive assessments, this represents a critical oversight. In a large, longitudinal population-based cohort study of adult American Indians, we examined several validity inferences for COWA, including scoring, generalization, and extrapolation inferences, by investigation of factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and differential test functioning. We found adequate unidimensional model fit, with high factor loadings. Internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.88 and 0.77, respectively, for the full group. COWA scores were lowest among the oldest, lowest education, bilingual speakers; group effects for sex and bilingual status were small; age effect was medium; and education effect was largest. However, Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) score effect was stronger than education effect, suggesting better contextualization may be needed. These results support interpretation of total COWA score, including across sex, age, or language use strata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thao T. Vo
- Washington State University, Seattle, USA
| | - Kyra Oziel
- Washington State University, Seattle, USA
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Suchy‐Dicey AM, Longstreth WT, Rhoads K, Umans J, Buchwald D, Grabowski T, Blennow K, Reiman E, Zetterberg H. Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2072-2079. [PMID: 38215191 PMCID: PMC10984473 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) needs inexpensive, noninvasive biomarkers, with validation in all populations. METHODS We collected plasma markers in older American Indian individuals: phosphorylated-tau181 (pTau181); amyloid-beta (Aβ) 40,42; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Plasma markers were analyzed for discriminant properties with cognitive status and etiology using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS PTau181, GFAP, NfL plasma values were significantly associated with cognition, but Aβ were not. Discriminant performance was moderate for individual markers, with pTau181, GFAP, NfL performing best, but an empirically selected panel of markers (age, sex, education, pTau181, GFAP, NfL, Aβ4240 ratio) had excellent discriminant performance (AUC > 0.8). DISCUSSION In American Indian individuals, pTau181 and Aβ values suggested more common pathology than in majority populations. Aβ was less informative than in other populations; however, all four markers were needed for a best-performing dementia diagnostic model. These data validate utility of AD plasma markers, while suggesting population-specific diagnostic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M. Suchy‐Dicey
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of MedicineSpokaneWashingtonUSA
- Huntington Medical Research InstitutesPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Washington State University Institute for Research and Education to Address Community HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
- University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kristoffer Rhoads
- University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jason Umans
- MedStar Health Research InstituteHyattsvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Washington State University Institute for Research and Education to Address Community HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Thomas Grabowski
- University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
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Suchy-Dicey AM, Oziel K, Sawyer C, Olufadi Y, Ali T, Fretts AM, Umans JG, Shibata DK, Longstreth WT, Rhoads K, Buchwald DS, Grabowski TJ. Educational and Clinical Associations With Longitudinal Cognitive Function and Brain Imaging in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e2637-e2647. [PMID: 36289000 PMCID: PMC9757873 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Little is known about incidence of vascular and Alzheimer dementias in American Indians. METHODS We conducted a large, heterogeneous, population-based, longitudinal cohort study of brain aging in community-dwelling American Indians aged 64-95 years from 11 tribes across 3 states, with neurologic examinations, 1.5T MRI, and extensive cognitive testing. Visit 1 in 2010-2013 (n = 817) and visit 2 in 2017-2019 (n = 403) included all willing, surviving participants. Standardized cognitive tests at both visits included Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale digit symbol coding (WAIS), Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA), and California Verbal Learning Test short form (CVLT). Test materials added at follow-up included Wide Range Achievement (reading) Test (WRAT) and National Alzheimer Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set cognitive battery (v3 form C2), including Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MRI neuroradiologists coded infarcts, hemorrhages, white matter hyperintensities, sulcal atrophy, and ventricle enlargement. RESULTS The mean time between examinations was 6.7 years (SD 1.1, range 3.8-9.1 years). Years of formal education had modest correlation with WRAT reading score (r = 0.45). Prevalence and incidence (respectively) of infarcts were 32% and 12.8/1,000 person-years (PYs) hemorrhages 6% and 4.4/1000 PY worsening sulci 74% and 19.0/1000 PY worsening ventricle 79% and 30.1/1000 PY worsening leukoaraiosis 44% and 26.1/1000 PY. Linear losses per year in cognitive scores were 0.6% MMSE, 1.2% WAIS, 0.6% COWA, and 2.2% CVLT. The mean MoCA scores were 18.9 (SD 4.3). DISCUSSION These are the first data on longitudinal cognitive and imaging changes in American Indians and first reports of Alzheimer disease-related features. The mean scores in MoCA were similar or lower than standard cutoffs used to diagnose dementia in other racial/ethnic groups, suggesting that standardized cognitive tests may not perform well in this population. Test validation, adaptation, and score adjustment are warranted. Years of education were a poor proxy for premorbid function, suggesting novel methods for cognitive score contextualization is also needed in this population. Evaluation of selective survival suggests attrition from death, and frailty should be accounted for in causal analyses. Overall, these data represent a unique opportunity to examine neurology topics of critical importance to an understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Suchy-Dicey
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
| | - Kyra Oziel
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Charles Sawyer
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yunusa Olufadi
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tauqeer Ali
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Amanda M Fretts
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jason G Umans
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dean K Shibata
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - W T Longstreth
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kristoffer Rhoads
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dedra S Buchwald
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- From the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine (A.M.S.-D., K.O., C.S., Y.O., D.S.B.), Washington State University, Spokane; Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (T.A.), Oklahoma City; Epidemiology (A.M.F., M.D.J.), School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle; MedStar Health Research Institute (J.G.U.), Washington, DC; Neuroradiology (D.K.S.) and Neurology (M.D.J., K.R., T.J.G.), School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Rhoads K, Isenberg N, Schrier A. UW Project ECHO-Dementia: Implementation of a virtual clinic and telementoring program to improve dementia diagnosis and treatment in rural and under-resourced primary care settings. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 17 Suppl 8:e051217. [PMID: 34971269 DOI: 10.1002/alz.051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care providers are on the front lines of dementia care and frequently the first point of contact for individuals and families concerned about changes in memory and thinking. In addition to the challenges of managing complex medical comorbidities, primary care providers in rural or lower-resource settings often lack access to specialists, interdisciplinary teams or other programs and services to aid in diagnosis and care of individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The current project extends an existing technology-based hub and spoke model virtual clinic, Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes, University of New Mexico), to improve diagnosis and care of dementia in primary care. METHOD The current project is an extension of work related to the Washington State Plan for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias with implementation supported by legislative funding. The program includes an interdisciplinary expert panel ("hub") meeting with participants ("spokes") including primary and allied health care providers from healthcare systems, group practices, and solo practitioners. The twice-monthly virtual clinic sessions include a brief didactic followed by case-based learning in an "all-teach, all-learn" format emphasizing expertise and experience of spoke sites as well as the hub. Participants are provided with resources discussed during the clinic session, ongoing opportunities for consultation, and free continuing education credits. RESULTS Launching amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the program has provided over 250 hours of education to more than 50 providers across 20 unique sites. Post session surveys indicate that the program is well-received with 2 in 3 providers indicating that they will change their practice based on learning. Surveys also demonstrate significant increases in both knowledge and confidence in dementia-specific diagnosis and care. CONCLUSION The success of the current project demonstrates both the feasibility and benefit of leveraging technology to deliver dementia-related education to primary care providers in rural and under-resourced settings. While initially hampered by disruptions in care due to the COVID-19 pandemic, increased technological proficiency on the provider and systems level has appeared to be a benefit in terms of resources and comfort participating in a virtual education program to scale Dementia Capable Care in Primary Care.
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Abstract
Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are global health crises, with most affected individuals living in low- or middle-income countries. While research into diagnostics and therapeutics remains focused exclusively on high-income populations, recent technological breakthroughs suggest that low-cost AD diagnostics may soon be possible. However, as this disease shifts onto those with the least financial and structural ability to shoulder its burden, it is incumbent on high-income countries to develop accessible AD healthcare. We argue that there is a scientific and ethical mandate to develop low-cost diagnostics that will not only benefit patients in low-and middle-income countries but the AD field as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristoffer Rhoads
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Braggin JE, Bucks SA, Course MM, Smith CL, Sopher B, Osnis L, Shuey KD, Domoto‐Reilly K, Caso C, Kinoshita C, Scherpelz KP, Cross C, Grabowski T, Nik SHM, Newman M, Garden GA, Leverenz JB, Tsuang D, Latimer C, Gonzalez‐Cuyar LF, Keene CD, Morrison RS, Rhoads K, Wijsman EM, Dorschner MO, Lardelli M, Young JE, Valdmanis PN, Bird TD, Jayadev S. Alternative splicing in a presenilin 2 variant associated with Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:762-777. [PMID: 31020001 PMCID: PMC6469258 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal-dominant familial Alzheimer disease (AD) is caused by by variants in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Previously, we reported a rare PSEN2 frameshift variant in an early-onset AD case (PSEN2 p.K115Efs*11). In this study, we characterize a second family with the same variant and analyze cellular transcripts from both patient fibroblasts and brain lysates. METHODS We combined genomic, neuropathological, clinical, and molecular techniques to characterize the PSEN2 K115Efs*11 variant in two families. RESULTS Neuropathological and clinical evaluation confirmed the AD diagnosis in two individuals carrying the PSEN2 K115Efs*11 variant. A truncated transcript from the variant allele is detectable in patient fibroblasts while levels of wild-type PSEN2 transcript and protein are reduced compared to controls. Functional studies to assess biological consequences of the variant demonstrated that PSEN2 K115Efs*11 fibroblasts secrete less Aβ 1-40 compared to controls, indicating abnormal γ-secretase activity. Analysis of PSEN2 transcript levels in brain tissue revealed alternatively spliced PSEN2 products in patient brain as well as in sporadic AD and age-matched control brain. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that PSEN2 K115Efs*11 is a likely pathogenic variant associated with AD. We uncovered novel PSEN2 alternative transcripts in addition to previously reported PSEN2 splice isoforms associated with sporadic AD. In the context of a frameshift, these alternative transcripts return to the canonical reading frame with potential to generate deleterious protein products. Our findings suggest novel potential mechanisms by which PSEN variants may influence AD pathogenesis, highlighting the complexity underlying genetic contribution to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meredith M. Course
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Carole L. Smith
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Leah Osnis
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Kiel D. Shuey
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Christina Caso
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Chloe Cross
- School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Thomas Grabowski
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Seyyed H. M. Nik
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Debby Tsuang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashington
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | | | | | | | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Univeristy of Washington Department of BiostatisticsSeattleWashington
| | - Michael O. Dorschner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- UW Medicine Center for Precision DiagnosticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Paul N. Valdmanis
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashington
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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Watson GS, Rhoads K, Siegal J, Stahl J, Busse M. P1‐463: Neuropsychological correlates of MRI imaging with volumetric analysis in MCI and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Siegal
- Virginia Mason Medical CenterSeattleWashingtonUnited States
| | - Justin Stahl
- Virginia Mason Medical CenterSeattleWashingtonUnited States
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Crane PK, Gruhl JC, Erosheva EA, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, Rhoads K, Nguyen V, Arani K, Masaki K, White L. Use of spoken and written Japanese did not protect Japanese-American men from cognitive decline in late life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2010; 65:654-66. [PMID: 20639282 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spoken bilingualism may be associated with cognitive reserve. Mastering a complicated written language may be associated with additional reserve. We sought to determine if midlife use of spoken and written Japanese was associated with lower rates of late life cognitive decline. METHODS Participants were second-generation Japanese-American men from the Hawaiian island of Oahu, born 1900-1919, free of dementia in 1991, and categorized based on midlife self-reported use of spoken and written Japanese (total n included in primary analysis = 2,520). Cognitive functioning was measured with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument scored using item response theory. We used mixed effects models, controlling for age, income, education, smoking status, apolipoprotein E e4 alleles, and number of study visits. RESULTS Rates of cognitive decline were not related to use of spoken or written Japanese. This finding was consistent across numerous sensitivity analyses. DISCUSSION We did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that multilingualism is associated with cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, Rhoads K, Launer L, Masaski K, White L, Borenstein AR, Larson EB, Crane PK. P3‐134: Assessment of Japanese‐ and English‐language equivalence of the cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI) among Japanese‐Americans in two large epidemiological studies. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kamal Masaski
- Kuakini Medical Center and the Pacific Health ResearchHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Lon White
- Kuakini Medical Center and the Pacific Health Research InstituteHonoluluHIUSA
| | | | - Eric B. Larson
- University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Group Health CooperativeSeattleWAUSA
| | - Paul K. Crane
- University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Group Health CooperativeSeattleWAUSA
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Gruhl J, Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Erosheva E, McCurry SM, Rhoads K, Nguyen VQ, Arani K, Launer LJ, Masaki K, White L. P4‐119: Self‐reported use of written Japanese in midlife was not protective for late‐life cognitive decline: The Honolulu – Asia Aging Study. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lon White
- Pacific Health Research InstituteHonoluluHIUSA
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Nguyen VQ, Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Narasimhalu K, Arani K, McCurry SM, Rhoads K, Borenstein AR, Larson EB. P1–257: The association between acculturation to Western society and decreased risk for incident Alzheimer's disease is due to education and income differences in elderly Japanese Americans: The Kame Project. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kulstad JJ, Green PS, Cook DG, Watson GS, Reger MA, Baker LD, Plymate SR, Asthana S, Rhoads K, Mehta PD, Craft S. Differential modulation of plasma -amyloid by insulin in patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006; 66:1506-10. [PMID: 16717209 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000216274.58185.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are risk factors for memory impairment and Alzheimer disease (AD). Insulin regulates levels of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in vitro in neuronal cultures and in vivo in the CSF of normal older adults. OBJECTIVE To determine whether insulin affected plasma Abeta levels and whether such effects differed for patients with AD compared with normal older adults. METHODS Fifty-nine patients with AD and 50 healthy older adults each received infusions of saline and of insulin (1.0 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)) with accompanying dextrose to maintain euglycemia. A subset of participants (19 AD, 12 normal) received two additional conditions, in which insulin was infused at a lower (0.33 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)) and higher (1.67 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)) rate. Plasma insulin and Abeta were measured after 120 minutes of infusion. RESULTS Adults with AD had higher plasma insulin vs normal adults at the two higher infusion rates, despite receiving comparable amounts of insulin. For normal adults, insulin reduced plasma Abeta levels at the middle (1.0 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)) dose, with attenuated effects at lower and higher doses. In contrast, for patients with AD, insulin raised plasma Abeta levels at the two higher doses (1.0 and 1.67 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) have reduced insulin clearance and insulin-provoked plasma amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) elevation. Abnormal regulation of peripheral Abeta by insulin may contribute to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kulstad
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Nguyen VQ, Crane PK, Arani K, Gibbons LE, Rhoads K, McCurry SM, Borenstein AR, Larson EB. 42 ACCULTURATION AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE RISK AMONG JAPANESE-AMERICAN ELDERLY: THE KAME STUDY. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nguyen VQ, Crane PK, Arani K, Gibbons LE, Rhoads K, McCurry SM, Borenstein AR, Larson EB. 64 ACCULTURATION AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE RISK AMONG JAPANESE-AMERICAN ELDERLY: THE KAME STUDY. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rhoads K, Cholerton B, Baker LD, Reger M, Watson GS, Plymate S, Fishel MA, Asthana S, Enstrom K, Keeling M. P1-256 The effect of insulin and octreotide on verbal memory and attention in cognitively impaired older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Winter PL, Sagarin BJ, Rhoads K, Barrett DW, Cialdini RB. Choosing to encourage or discourage: perceived effectiveness of prescriptive versus proscriptive messages. Environ Manage 2000; 26:589-594. [PMID: 11029110 DOI: 10.1007/s002670010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The estimated cost of repairing damage caused to recreational sites annually is in the hundreds of millions of dollars. These depreciative activities also reduce the quality of visitors' experiences in the damaged areas. Indirect methods, such as visitor education through brochures and signs, continue to be the least controversial management approaches to depreciative acts. Yet, the literature on studies examining the most effective message presentations remains sparse. A survey mailed to randomly selected National Association for Interpretation members assessed the perceived effectiveness of communications that encouraged positive conduct (prescriptive messages) versus those that discouraged negative conduct (proscriptive messages) in wildland and urban settings. Almost invariably, respondents viewed the encouragement-based prescriptive messages as more effective than the discouragement-based proscriptive messages. This finding stands in sharp contrast to an earlier study that discovered a preponderance of proscriptive versus prescriptive messages on signs in both wildland and urban recreational environments. Thus, although the great majority of interpreters see the encouragement of positive conduct as more effective, in practice, messages on signs are much more likely to discourage negative conduct. Reasons for this discrepancy are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Winter
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507, USA, US
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Ketterer MW, Huffman J, Lumley MA, Wassef S, Gray L, Kenyon L, Kraft P, Brymer J, Rhoads K, Lovallo WR, Goldberg AD. Five-year follow-up for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: importance of "denial" in assessing psychosocial risk factors. J Psychosom Res 1998; 44:241-50. [PMID: 9532553 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the role of "denial" (spouse/friend minus self-ratings on parallel versions of the same questionnaire) in diluting the predictive value of emotional distress for cardiac events (deaths, new MIs, and/or revascularizations). One hundred forty-four men with no history of prior revascularization who had at least minimally positive diagnostic coronary angiograms, and someone they selected as "someone who knows you well," completed parallel versions of the Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist (KSSFC). They were followed up by phone an average of 59.7 months after recruitment. Length of follow-up, baseline cardiac risk factors, and a number of baseline-obtained psychosocial risk factors were tested as prospective predictors of combined events (death by any cause, new MIs, and/or revascularizations) and current anginal frequency. Only spouse/friend observed anxiety on the KSSFC predicted current anginal frequency (p = 0.001). On the self-report version of the KSSFC, patients with one or more events reported less anger (p = 0.031), depression (p = 0.008), and anxiety (p = 0.003). These results may be attributable to "denial" because there were no differences in spouse/friend ratings, and difference scores (spouse/friend minus patient) on the KSSFC scales, particularly anger, were also related to events: AIAI (p = 0.002); depression (p = 0.063); and anxiety (p = 0.010). Denial may be a major limiting factor in accurately assessing emotional distress in cardiac populations, and may help account for a number of the previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ketterer
- Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
The present study examined traditional risk factors and various indices of emotional distress in males with positive angiograms (N = 122), "syndrome X" males with negative or nominal results on angiogram (N = 53), and age- and socioeconomic status-matched males with no manifest history of otherosclerotic disease (N = 56). Syndrome X patients reported more depression on the Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist (KSSFC) than positive angiographic patients. And compared with healthy controls, they were more likely to be perceived by a spouse/friend as depressed and anxious on the KSSFC, scored higher on the Framingham Type A Scale, and reported more unprovoked nocturnal awakening. Syndrome X patients generally appear to be similar to patients with positive angiograms with regard to traditional risk factor history but are more distressed than healthy controls. This becomes most evident when denial is circumvented by discussion with significant others or inquiries are "framed" appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ketterer
- Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Case Western Reserve University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Antiplatelet substances, generally aspirin, have become widely used for secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Used in relatively small doses, it is generally assumed that aspirin has no psychoactive effect. The present study took advantage of a sample of 174 males undergoing coronary angiography to see if regular aspirin use as prophylactic therapy for ischemic heart disease was associated with one or more of a number of measures of emotional distress. Aspirin use was found to be associated with less depression and anxiety or worry, as reported by the patient and as perceived by a significant other. Despite a significant association of aspirin use with the presence of documented coronary artery disease, the association of aspirin use and diminished distress could not be accounted for by the previously observed high prevalence of depressed/anxious individuals among patients with negative or nominal results on angiography, or by a number of other demographic or clinical variables such as age and socioeconomic status. Although only correlational in nature, present results raise the question of whether aspirin may have a beneficial mood-modulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ketterer
- Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
Previous studies have found associations between snoring, or polysomnographic documented sleep apnea, and hypertension, cerebral vascular disease, and myocardial infarction. The present study examined the relationship of coronary artery disease (CAD) and snoring. One hundred and twenty-two males with positive angiographic studies were compared with fifty-six men, matched in age and socioeconomic status, who had no known history of coronary heart, or other atherosclerotic, disease. The percentage of subjects reporting that they snore "usually" or "always/loudly" increased across the four CAD severity groupings (nonpatient controls = 19.6%, 1 vessel = 44.4%, 2 vessel = 41.9%, 3 vessel = 56.0%) with a p value of .005. Hypertension, body mass index, and pack years of smoking were found to be associated with both coronary artery disease severity and snoring. When these variables were controlled in a multiple regression analysis, the relationship of snoring and CAD severity remained significant at p = .050.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ketterer
- Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Detroit, MI
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Ehrman J, Keteyian S, Fedel F, Rhoads K, Levine TB, Shepard R. Cardiovascular responses of heart transplant recipients to graded exercise testing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992; 73:260-4. [PMID: 1506378 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.1.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT, n = 28) and heart surgery (n = 19) patients, with similar ejection fractions and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, were exercised to symptom-limited maximum to describe differences in cardiovascular and gas exchange responses. Testing was performed at a mean of 3 and 6 mo after surgery, respectively (P less than 0.05). OHT patients have a greater resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.01) and a significantly greater (P less than 0.01) heart rate (HR) at rest in the supine and standing positions and during minutes 2 through 7 of supine recovery. Peak treadmill time was significantly less (P less than 0.01) in OHT patients. No significant differences were found for systolic blood pressure (SBP) during recovery, peak HR, ventilation, relative O2 uptake (VO2), body weight, ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2, O2 pulse, and HR-SBP product (peak HR x peak SBP). Peak pulse pressure, heart rate reserve, total VO2, and absolute VO2 at ventilatory threshold were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the OHT patients. We concluded that 1) complete cardiac decentralization is evident, 2) the significantly reduced VO2 at ventilatory threshold should be considered when activities of daily living are prescribed, and 3) SBP response is more appropriate than HR for assessing recovery of the decentralized heart after maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ehrman
- Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Keteyian S, Shepard R, Ehrman J, Fedel F, Glick C, Rhoads K, Levine TB. Cardiovascular responses of heart transplant patients to exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991; 70:2627-31. [PMID: 1885457 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) represents an effective alternative for individuals with end-stage heart disease. The current literature reports only the responses of OHT patients to greater than or equal to 4 mo of exercise training (ET) and frequently lacks adequate controls. Most programs currently treating OHT patients usually provide 6-12 wk of ET. This study describes the effects of a 10-wk supervised ET program in 12 male OHT patients and 5 other male OHT patients who served as a comparison group. Graded exercise tests were performed before and after ET. After ET, maximal O2 consumption was significantly greater for the ET group than the comparison group (P less than 0.05) and the mean increase in peak heart rate was 18 +/- 4 and 6 +/- 4 (SE) min-1 for ET and comparison groups, respectively (P less than 0.05). Maximal ventilation was also significantly greater for the ET group at after ET, while resting heart rate and blood pressure and peak blood pressure, O2 pulse, respiratory rate, and ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2 were not significantly changed. We conclude that after OHT a 10-wk ET program improves maximal O2 consumption and, by improving peak heart rate, improves O2 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keteyian
- Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit 48202
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keteyian
- Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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Hess D, Ness C, Oppel A, Rhoads K. Evaluation of mouth-to-mask ventilation devices. Respir Care 1989; 34:191-5. [PMID: 10315772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A number of mouth-to-mask ventilation devices have become commercially available in the past several years. In this study, we compared the volumes delivered by eight of these devices to the volumes delivered by mouth-to-mouth ventilation. METHOD Fourteen respiratory care practitioners participated in the study. Ventilation was delivered to an adult resuscitation manikin. Each subject ventilated the manikin using mouth-to-mouth technique and each of the following mouth-to-mask devices: Boehringer EVA, Hospitak, Hudson, Intertech Safe Response, Laerdal Pocket Mask, Life Design Systems (LDS), Respironics SealEasy, and Vital Signs. Evaluation periods of 1 minute were used, minute ventilation and respiratory rate were measured, and tidal volume was calculated. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the volumes delivered by the masks (p less than 0.001). The volumes delivered by each mask were less than mouth-to-mouth volumes (p less than 0.05 in each case). The mean +/- SD mouth-to-mouth volume was 1.04 +/- 0.32 L. The mean +/- SD volumes for each of the devices was 0.54 +/- 0.34 L for the EVA, 0.77 +/- 0.21 L for the Hospitak, 0.51 +/- 0.26 L for the Hudson, 0.81 +/- 0.35 L for the Safe Response, 0.65 +/- 0.25 L for the Pocket Mask, 0.82 +/- 0.27 L for the LDS, 0.79 +/- 0.32 L for the SealEasy, and 0.76 +/- 0.21 L for the Vital Signs. CONCLUSIONS We found considerable variability between the volumes delivered with commercially available mouth-to-mask ventilation devices. Although the volumes delivered during mouth-to-mask technique were less than those delivered with mouth-to-mouth technique, the volumes delivered by some of the mouth-to-mask devices were large enough to allow them to be substituted for mouth-to-mouth technique.
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Sanberg PR, Zoloty SA, Willis R, Ticarich CD, Rhoads K, Nagy RP, Mitchell SG, Laforest AR, Jenks JA, Harkabus LJ. Digiscan activity: automated measurement of thigmotactic and stereotypic behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 27:569-72. [PMID: 3659082 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visual measures of stereotypy, margin time (thigmotaxis or wall-hugging), and center time were correlated with automated measures using a revised 16 beam version of the Digiscan Animal Activity Monitor System. Rats were injected with d-amphetamine (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg), scopolamine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) or saline and drugs were found to increase center time and decrease margin time in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximum effect occurring with 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. At higher doses, an opposite effect was observed. Extremely high correlations between visual and automated recordings of both margin time and center time were found. Since thigmotaxic or wall-hugging behavior has been used as an indicator of emotionality in rats, the results of the present study suggest that these two locomotor variables may be useful additions to the Digiscan multivariate analysis of locomotor behavior. It was also found that a redefinition of stereotypic behavior improved its correlation with visual measurements compared to earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Sanberg
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens 45701
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Rhoads K, Sanders CL. Lung clearance, translocation, and acute toxicity of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, vanadium, and ytterbium oxides following deposition in rat lung. Environ Res 1985; 36:359-378. [PMID: 3872210 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Young adult rats were exposed via inhalation or intratracheal instillation to oxides of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, vanadium, and ytterbium. Serial necropsies were performed to assess the metal content in organs at times up to several weeks after exposure. The lung clearance varied widely for these compounds, and the times to remove 50% of the initial burden ranged from 18 min for vanadium to 400 days for beryllium. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium, and vanadium were initially soluble in lung, but a small fraction (1-20%) remained there over the long term. Extrapulmonary tissues often accumulated substantial amounts of the soluble oxides, and whole-body retention was often greater for compounds that were more soluble in lung. Arsenic, selenium, and vanadium translocated to carcass and bone. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium accumulated in the liver, and the kidney retained cadmium and lead. Beryllium, cobalt and ytterbium did not deposit at any extrapulmonary site in significant amounts. In general, the aqueous solubility of these compounds was a poor predictor for behavior in vivo because of their interaction with metabolic processes. Of the metal oxides tested for acute lethality following pulmonary deposition, cadmium was most toxic, followed by selenium, vanadium, and arsenic.
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Sanders CL, Rhoads K, Mahaffey JA. Long-term reactivity of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes following intratracheal instillation of sandy loam soil or Mount St. Helens volcanic ash. Environ Res 1983; 32:188-198. [PMID: 6617611 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ritzville sandy loam soil and Mount St. Helens volcanic ash particles on the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of Fischer rats were studied about 400 days after intratracheal instillation. A total of 22 or 77 mg of soil or ash was given in two or seven equally divided, consecutive, weekly intervals as a suspension in 0.5 ml saline. Significantly elevated levels of lipid-phosphorus and protein were found in lung lavages of rats given ash compared to those given soil. An enhanced histological degree of granulomatous reactivity, lipoproteinosis, fibrosis, and bronchiolar hyperplasia was seen in ash-exposed rats as compared to soil-exposed rats. Mediastinal lymph nodes of ash-exposed rats were 8-18 times larger than those of soil-exposed rats due to abundant cellular microgranuloma formation and early fibrosis. Mount St. Helens volcanic ash is apparently more biologically reactive than soil particles commonly found in eastern Washington.
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Abstract
The distribution of inhaled 239PuO2 in rat and hamster lung was investigated up to one year postexposure in order to determine whether differences in pulmonary dose distribution could account for the apparent difference between the two species in lung tumor response. In previous life-span studies, rats developed up to 70% lung tumors at cumulative doses less than 2000 rads, whereas hamsters developed tumors in about 3% of animals at comparable or higher doses. Morphometric methods were used to quantitate the particle distribution in different lung regions of both species following exposure at levels that produced tumors in rats. The PuO2 particles were counted on autoradiograms of lung cross-sections and classified as to their location in either subpleural or internal parenchyma, lung vasculature, or major airways. Rat lung showed a greater long-term association of particles with the major airways than hamster lung. The particles also showed a greater tendency to occur in groups for rats, the difference being more pronounced in the subpleural region than in the remainder of the lung. In previous experiments, both bronchioles and subpleural fibrotic scars appeared to be the sites of origin for lung tumors. Different dose distributions within these regions may therefore affect the tumor response to inhaled 239PuO2.
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Rhoads K, Mahaffey JA, Sanders CL. A morphometric study of rat and hamster lung following inhalation of 239 PuO2. Radiat Res 1981; 88:266-79. [PMID: 7302137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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