Synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical, and DFT examinations of two new organic dye molecules based on phenothiazine and dibenzofuran

New dyes were developed and produced utilizing distinct electron donors (phenothiazine and dibenzofuran), a π-spacer, and an electron acceptor of cyanoacetohydrazide, and their structures were studied using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Following the synthesis of dye molecules, the photophysical and photovoltaic characteristics were investigated using experimental and theoretical methods. The photosensitizers have been exposed to electrochemical and optical property experiments in order to study their absorption performance and also molecular orbital energies. The monochromatic optical conversion efficiency of (Z)-N-((5-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)furan-2-yl)methylene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide (PFCH) was found higher than that of (Z)-2-cyano-N'-((5-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)furan-2-yl)methylene)acetohydrazide (BFCH), with IPCEs of 58 and 64% for BFCH and PFCH, respectively. According to the photosensitizer molecular energy level diagram, the studied dye molecules have strong thermodynamically advantageous ground and excited-state oxidation potentials for electron injection into the conduction band of titanium oxide. It was observed that the ability to attract electrons correlated favorably with molecular orbital energy. While density functional theory calculations were used to examine molecule geometries, vertical electronic excitations, and frontier molecular orbitals, experimental and computed results were consistent. Natural bond orbital and nonlinear optical properties were also calculated and discussed.

Modulatory Effect of Taurine on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene-Induced Alterations in Detoxification Enzyme System, Membrane Bound Enzymes, Glycoprotein Profile and Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen in Rat Breast Tissue

The modulatory effect of taurine on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats was studied. DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) was administered to induce breast cancer in rats. Protein carbonyl levels, activities of membrane bound enzymes (Na(+) /K(+) ATPase, Ca(2+) ATPase, and Mg(2+) ATPase), phase I drug metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, NADPH cytochrome c reductase), phase II drug metabolizing enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase), glycoprotein levels, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were studied. DMBA-induced breast tumor bearing rats showed abnormal alterations in the levels of protein carbonyls, activities of membrane bound enzymes, drug metabolizing enzymes, glycoprotein levels, and PCNA protein expression levels. Taurine treatment (100 mg/kg body weight) appreciably counteracted all the above changes induced by DMBA. Histological examination of breast tissue further supported our biochemical findings. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated the chemotherapeutic effect of taurine in DMBA-induced breast cancer.

Cellular metabolic energy modulation by tangeretin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. Chemoprevention and chemotherapy play beneficial roles in reducing the incidence and mortality of cancer. Epidemiological and experimental studies showed that naturally-occurring antioxidants present in the diet may act as anticancer agents. Identifying the abnormalities of cellular energy metabolism facilitates early detection and management of breast cancer. The present study evaluated the effect of tangeretin on cellular metabolic energy fluxes in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced proliferative breast cancer. The results showed that the activities of glycolytic enzymes significantly increased in mammary tissues of DMBA-induced breast cancer bearing rats. The gluconeogenic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory chain enzyme activities significantly decreased in breast cancer-bearing rats. In addition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues. However, the activities of glycolytic enzymes were significantly normalized in the tangeretin pre- and post-treated rats and the TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzyme activities were significantly increased in tangeretin treated rats. Furthermore, tangeretin down-regulated PCNA expression on breast cancer-bearing rats. Our study demonstrates that tangeretin specifically regulates cellular metabolic energy fluxes in DMBA-induced breast cancer-bearing rats.

Taurine Regulates Mitochondrial Function During 7,12-Dimethyl Benz[a]anthracene Induced Experimental Mammary Carcinogenesis

OBJECTIVES

The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effect of taurine on the liver mitochondrial enzyme system with reference to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants, major tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and electron transport chain enzymes during 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats.

METHODS

Animals in which breast cancer had been induced by using DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) showed an increase in mitochondrial LPO together with decreases in enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E), in citric acid cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)), and in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes.

RESULTS

Taurine (100 mg/kg body weight) treatment decreased liver mitochondrial LPO and augmented the activities/levels of enzymic, and non-enzymic antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and ETC complexes.

CONCLUSION

The results of our present study demonstrated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of taurine treatment for DMBA-induced breast carcinomas.