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Downs AM, Gerson J, Hossain MN, Ploense K, Pham M, Kraatz HB, Kippin T, Plaxco KW. Nanoporous Gold for the Miniaturization of In Vivo Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2299-2306. [PMID: 34038076 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors enable real-time molecular measurements in the living body. The spatial resolution of these measurements and ability to perform measurements in targeted locations, however, is limited by the length and width of the device's working electrode. Historically, achieving good signal to noise in the complex, noisy in vivo environment has required working electrode lengths of 3-6 mm. To enable sensor miniaturization, here we have enhanced the signaling current obtained for a sensor of given macroscopic dimensions by increasing its surface area. Specifically, we produced nanoporous gold via an electrochemical alloying/dealloying technique to increase the microscopic surface area of our working electrodes by up to 100-fold. Using this approach, we have miniaturized in vivo electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors (here using sensors against the antibiotic, vancomycin) by a factor of 6 while retaining sensor signal and response times. Conveniently, the fabrication of nanoporous gold is simple, parallelizable, and compatible with both two- and three-dimensional electrode architectures, suggesting that it may be of value to a range of electrochemical biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Downs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Julian Gerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - M. Nur Hossain
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Kyle Ploense
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tod Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- The Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Ploense K, Kudela D, Hammond S, Stucky G, Kippin T. Polyphosphate‐conjugated Silica Nanoparticles (polyP‐SNPs) Attenuate Bleeding After Tail Amputation. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.674.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ploense
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, UC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA
- Cayuga BiotechSanta BarbaraCA
| | | | | | - Galen Stucky
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA
| | - Tod Kippin
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, UC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA
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Ploense K, Carr A, Baker‐Andresen D, Li X, Sun Y, Bredy T, Kippin T. Extended Cocaine Access Results in a Distinct Epigenetic Alterations to the Homer2 Gene in the Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.705.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ploense
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
| | - Amanda Carr
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
| | | | - Xiang Li
- Neurobiology and BehaviorUC IrvineIrvineCAUnited States
| | - Yi Sun
- NeuroscienceUC Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUnited States
| | - Timothy Bredy
- NeuroscienceQueensland Brain InstituteSt. LuciaQLDAustralia
- Neurobiology and BehaviorUC IrvineIrvineCAUnited States
| | - Tod Kippin
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
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Ferguson BS, Hoggarth DA, Maliniak D, Ploense K, White RJ, Woodward N, Hsieh K, Bonham AJ, Eisenstein M, Kippin TE, Plaxco KW, Soh HT. Real-time, aptamer-based tracking of circulating therapeutic agents in living animals. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:213ra165. [PMID: 24285484 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensor capable of continuously measuring specific molecules in the bloodstream in vivo would give clinicians a valuable window into patients' health and their response to therapeutics. Such technology would enable truly personalized medicine, wherein therapeutic agents could be tailored with optimal doses for each patient to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. Unfortunately, continuous, real-time measurement is currently only possible for a handful of targets, such as glucose, lactose, and oxygen, and the few existing platforms for continuous measurement are not generalizable for the monitoring of other analytes, such as small-molecule therapeutics. In response, we have developed a real-time biosensor capable of continuously tracking a wide range of circulating drugs in living subjects. Our microfluidic electrochemical detector for in vivo continuous monitoring (MEDIC) requires no exogenous reagents, operates at room temperature, and can be reconfigured to measure different target molecules by exchanging probes in a modular manner. To demonstrate the system's versatility, we measured therapeutic in vivo concentrations of doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic) and kanamycin (an antibiotic) in live rats and in human whole blood for several hours with high sensitivity and specificity at subminute temporal resolution. We show that MEDIC can also obtain pharmacokinetic parameters for individual animals in real time. Accordingly, just as continuous glucose monitoring technology is currently revolutionizing diabetes care, we believe that MEDIC could be a powerful enabler for personalized medicine by ensuring delivery of optimal drug doses for individual patients based on direct detection of physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Scott Ferguson
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Ploense K, Carr A, Baker‐Andresen D, Li X, Woodward N, Sun Y, Bredy T, Kippin T. Prolonged Access to Cocaine Results in Distinct Epigenetic Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex (LB622). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ploense
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
| | - Amanda Carr
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
| | | | - Xiang Li
- Queensland Brain Institute University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Nick Woodward
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
| | - Yi Sun
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUnited States
| | - Timothy Bredy
- Queensland Brain Institute University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Tod Kippin
- Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUnited States
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