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Eshete MA, Liu H, Li M, Adeyemo WL, Gowans LJJ, Mossey PA, Busch T, Deressa W, Donkor P, Olaitan PB, Aregbesola BS, Braimah RO, Oseni GO, Oginni F, Audu R, Onwuamah C, James O, Augustine-Akpan E, Rahman LA, Ogunlewe MO, Arthur FKN, Bello SA, Agbenorku P, Twumasi P, Abate F, Hailu T, Demissie Y, Hailu A, Plange-Rhule G, Obiri-Yeboah S, Dunnwald MM, Gravem PE, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Cornell RA, Butali A. Loss-of-Function GRHL3 Variants Detected in African Patients with Isolated Cleft Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 97:41-48. [PMID: 28886269 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the progress that has been made toward understanding the genetic etiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, relatively little is known about the genetic etiology for cleft palate only (CPO). A common coding variant of grainyhead like transcription factor 3 ( GRHL3) was recently shown to be associated with risk for CPO in Europeans. Mutations in this gene were also reported in families with Van der Woude syndrome. To identify rare mutations in GRHL3 that might explain the missing heritability for CPO, we sequenced GRHL3 in cases of CPO from Africa. We recruited participants from Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. This cohort included case-parent trios, cases and other family members, as well as controls. We sequenced exons of this gene in DNA from a total of 134 nonsyndromic cases. When possible, we sequenced them in parents to identify de novo mutations. Five novel mutations were identified: 2 missense (c.497C>A; p.Pro166His and c.1229A>G; p.Asp410Gly), 1 splice site (c.1282A>C p.Ser428Arg), 1 frameshift (c.470delC; p.Gly158Alafster55), and 1 nonsense (c.1677C>A; p.Tyr559Ter). These mutations were absent from 270 sequenced controls and from all public exome and whole genome databases, including the 1000 Genomes database (which includes data from Africa). However, 4 of the 5 mutations were present in unaffected mothers, indicating that their penetrance is incomplete. Interestingly, 1 mutation damaged a predicted sumoylation site, and another disrupted a predicted CK1 phosphorylation site. Overexpression assays in zebrafish and reporter assays in vitro indicated that 4 variants were functionally null or hypomorphic, while 1 was dominant negative. This study provides evidence that, as in Caucasian populations, mutations in GRHL3 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic CPO in the African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Eshete
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H Liu
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,5 State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Li
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W L Adeyemo
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - L J J Gowans
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P A Mossey
- 9 Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - T Busch
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Deressa
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - P Donkor
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P B Olaitan
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - B S Aregbesola
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R O Braimah
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - G O Oseni
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - F Oginni
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R Audu
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - C Onwuamah
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O James
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Augustine-Akpan
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L A Rahman
- 14 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - M O Ogunlewe
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - F K N Arthur
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S A Bello
- 15 State House Clinic, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - P Agbenorku
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Twumasi
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - F Abate
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Y Demissie
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Plange-Rhule
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S Obiri-Yeboah
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M M Dunnwald
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P E Gravem
- 16 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M L Marazita
- 17 Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Adeyemo
- 18 National Human Genomic Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 19 Department of Pediatrics University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R A Cornell
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Butali
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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