A prospective, controlled, nonrandomized study on prophylactic parenteral dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (clodronate) in multiple-myeloma

Bone resorption by osteoclasts causes neoplastic bone disease, which is a significant cause of death in multiple myeloma (MM). Counteracting bone resorption with prophylactic bisphosphonates has delayed bane disease, and this is expected to improve survival. Between January, 1987 and March, 1990, 341 evaluable previously untreated, consecutive patients with MM entered a prospective, multicenter study in which cytostatic therapy was randomized. The first 148 patients recruited were not planned for prophylaxis and the following 193 were scheduled to receive parenteral, prophylactic clodronate. Clodronate was administered at a dose of 600-1000 mg/4-6 weeks and was started at diagnosis and continued throughout survival time. Data on clodronate prophylaxis were evaluated on both an intention-to-treat and a compliance analysis basis. The rate of response and the duration of response were independent of clodronate prophylaxis. Progression of skeletal disease occurred less often in patients who received the drug than in those who were not given prophylaxis (50.5 vs 34.8%; p<.02 by compliance analysis). Survival was longer for patients on clodronate prophylaxis than for those who were not planned for (p<.02 by intention to-treat-analysis) or for those who did not receive clodronate prophylaxis (p<.009 by compliance analysis). Local pain associated with i.m. administration was the only significant side effect of clodronate. Parenteral clodronate prophylaxis prolongs survival in MM, probably because it allows better control of bone disease and reduces deaths related to it.

Use of a T-cell-based test for detection of tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised patients

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the T-SPOT.TB test, a T-cell-based test, with the tuberculin skin test (TST) in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The study was carried out in 138 immunosuppressed haematology patients who had been nosocomially exposed to a case of smear-positive TB. Overall, 44.2% of the contacts were positive by T-SPOT.TB test, and 17.4% by TST (concordance 67.8%). The apparent prevalence of infection fell from 25.9 to 14.5% with the TST with increasing immunosuppression, although this difference was not significant. In contrast, the apparent prevalence of infection with the T-SPOT.TB test was unaffected at 44.6 and 44.3%, respectively. The T-SPOT.TB test had an overall indeterminate rate of 4.3%, and this was also unaffected by the level of immunosuppression. This study suggests that the T-SPOT.TB test maintains its sensitivity and performance in immunocompromised patients, identifying a large number of truly infected patients anergic to the tuberculin skin test.

Clinical characteristics and factors predicting evolution of asymptomatic IgM monoclonal gammopathies and IgM-related disorders

We evaluated the prognostic features of 384 asymptomatic IgM-monoclonal gammopathies (aIgM-MGs) and 74 IgM-related disorders (IgM-RDs), two clinically distinct groups as proposed by the Second International Workshop on Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM). The cumulative probability of evolution to lymphoid malignancy at 5 and 10 years was 8% (95% CI, 5-13%) and 29% (95% CI, 21-38%), respectively, in aIgM-MGs; it was 9% (95% CI, 4-20%) and 16% (95% CI, 7-31%), respectively, in IgM-RDs (P=0.26). At a median follow-up of 45 months (12-233), 45 aIgM-MGs (11.7%) evolved to symptomatic WM (n=41), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (n=2), IgM multiple myeloma (n=1), and primary amyloidosis (n=1). At a median follow-up of 60 months (13-195), seven IgM-RDs (9.5%) evolved to symptomatic WM (n=6), and B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (n=1). At univariate analysis, in aIgM-MGs bone marrow lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haemoglobin level, IgM size, and lymphocytosis significantly correlated with evolution probability. At multivariate analysis, the latter two parameters strongly correlated with prognosis, haemoglobin being associated with a trend for a higher progression risk. In IgM-RDs IgM size, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, detectable Bence Jones proteinuria, and high ESR were associated with evolution probability. In conclusion, asymptomatic IgM-MGs and IgM-RDs are distinct clinical entities with similar probability of transformation to lymphoid malignancy.

Response to first-line chemotherapy and long-term survival in patients with multiple myeloma: results of the MM87 prospective randomised protocol

In this study we evaluated whether a good response to conventional chemotherapy, i.e. a significant tumour reduction, is a prerequisite for improved survival in multiple myeloma (MM). Between January 1987 and March 1990, 341 consecutive previously untreated patients with MM received chemotherapy within the prospective, multicentre, randomised Protocol MM87. Of these, 258 patients were evaluable for both response and long-term survival and 244 (94.6%) have died. The median survival of all patients was 40 months (6-162 months). The median survival did not differ between patients who had complete response (CR) (50 months (9-162 months)), partial response (PR) (46 months (8-147 months)) or stable disease (SD) (41 months (7-135 months)). The median survival was shorter (13.6 months (6-135 months)) (P<0.0001) in patients whose disease progressed while they were receiving first induction chemotherapy. Causes of death were more frequently (P=0.04) related to MM in patients who had progressive disease (PD) than in patients who had a CR or PR or SD. The main clinical and laboratory characteristics were similar in the four groups. These data indicate that patients who maintain SD during first-line chemotherapy have a prognosis similar to that of patients who attain a response. Only patients whose disease progresses have a distinctly worse outcome.

Efficacy of an early intensification treatment integrating chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation and radiotherapy for poor risk primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma with sclerosis

The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of an early intensification programme including chemotherapy (CHT), autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and radiation therapy (RT) in patients with primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (MLCL) with sclerosis presenting with adverse prognostic factors. Between 1993 and 1999, 19 patients with MLCL were referred to our institution. Four patients were classified as low risk according to the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (AA-IPI). Fifteen (79%) were categorised in the high-intermediate or high risk group and were considered eligible for ASCT. Induction therapy consisted of VACOP-B (etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and bleomycin) for 12 weeks. After induction therapy the four low risk patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and did not undergo ASCT. Of the 15 poor risk patients, five achieved CR, seven partial remission (PR), and three showed refractory disease (RD). All these patients received mobilising therapy consisting of high-dose cyclophosphamide. After peripheral stem cell (PSC) collection, to obtain a greater tumor mass reduction before transplantation, the seven patients in PR underwent further treatment with high-dose etoposide and those with RD received two cycles of DHAP (dexamethasone, cytarabine and cisplatin). At the time of ASCT, seven patients were in CR, six in PR and two had RD. After transplantation using BEAM as preparative regimen, all patients but one achieved a CR. Seven patients with minimal (<25%) residual mass at computed tomography scan received further mediastinal RT even if they had a negative Ga(67) scan. At a median follow-up of 35 months from transplantation the disease free survival is 93%. The outcome following this programme of early intensification in poor prognosis MLCL results in a high incidence of durable remissions even in patients with refractory disease.

DCEP (dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin) is an effective regimen for peripheral blood stem cell collection in multiple myeloma

DCEP (dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin) has proved to be an effective salvage therapy for refractory-relapsed MM patients. Little is known, however, about its potential as mobilizing therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of DCEP in mobilizing PBSC and to define its toxicity. Fifty-five MM patients received DCEP followed by G-CSF as part of high-dose programs including autologous transplantation. At the time of mobilization, 40 patients had previously received VAD only, and 15 alkylating agents. Mobilization was successful (minimum number of CD34(+) cells 2 x 10(6)/kg) in 48/55 patients (87%), and 41/55 patients (75%) collected >4 x 10(6)/kg CD34(+) cells. Of the seven patients who did not mobilize stem cells, five (71%) had been previously exposed to alkylating agents. The median number of CD34(+) cells harvested was 5.8 x 10(6)/kg (range 2.1-22.4). There was no treatment-related mortality. The side-effects of DCEP were always tolerable. No neutropenia <1000/microl nor thrombocytopenia <50,000/microl were observed. No patient required transfusion as a consequence of therapy, or hospitalization for septic complications. In conclusion, DCEP, in addition to its demonstrated anti-tumor activity, is an effective regimen for mobilizing peripheral blood progenitor cells in myeloma patients, with little or no side-effects. These properties render DCEP a useful regimen for the debulking and mobilization phase of high-dose programs for multiple myeloma.

Treatment of patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma aged over 70 years with an all-oral regimen combining idarubicin, etoposide and alkylators

In elderly patients age-specific comorbidity often reduces the possibility of administering intensive chemotherapy and of obtaining response to treatment. Therefore, chemotherapy must differ from that for non-elderly patients, while maintaining the primary goal of a complete clinical response. We treated 19 patients over the age of 70 years (median age 75 years, range 70-86) with stage II-IV high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with a combination regimen including idarubicin plus etoposide and prednimustine (or chlorambucil+prednisone), all administered orally on an outpatient basis. The therapeutic schedule included six 5-day courses of idarubicin 20 mg/sqm on day 1 (or 10 mg/sqm on days 1 and 3 in the nine patients last treated), etoposide 60 mg/sqm/12 h days 2-5, prednimustine 60 mg/sqm days 2-5, G-CSF 300 microg/day from day+7 until PMN>1000/microl. In ten patients prednimustine was replaced by chlorambucil 10 mg/sqm, days 2-5, and prednisone 50 mg days 2-5, because of non-availability of the drug. Of the 19 patients submitted to this regimen 15 (79%) obtained a clinical response: eight reached a complete response (CR), and seven a partial response (PR). Hematologic toxicity was generally mild. Only three patients had to be hospitalised for infection. Except alopecia, non-hematologic toxicities were negligible. At a median follow-up of 16 months, five of eight patients who obtained CR relapsed (median CR duration 7 months). The actuarial median survival is 34 months (range 6-46). This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of an all-oral regimen including idarubicin, plus etoposide and prednimustine (or chlorambucil+prednisone) in NHL patients aged over 70 years.

Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study. Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate whether melphalan-prednisone (MPH-P) treatment administered just after diagnosis improves survival of stage I multiple myeloma (MM). Between January 1987 and March 1993, 145 consecutive previously untreated patients with stage I MM were randomized between treatment with MPH-P (administered for 4 days every 6 weeks) just after diagnosis and treatment only at disease progression. Survival was not influenced by MPH-P treatment either administered just after diagnosis or at disease progression (64 vs 71 months respectively). Comparing the first with the second group the odds ratio of death is 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.57-2.42; P = 0.64). Disease progression occurred within a year in about 50% of patients who were initially untreated. Response rate was similar in both groups, but duration of response was shorter in patients who were treated at disease progression (48 vs 79 months, P = 0.044). Patients actually treated at disease progression (34/70) survived shorter than those who had neither disease progression nor treatment (56 vs > 92 months; P = 0.005). Starting MPH-P just after diagnosis does not improve survival and response rate in stage I MM, with respect to deferring therapy until disease progression. However, patients with stage I MM randomized to have treatment delayed and who actually progressed and were treated had shorter survival than those with stable disease and no treatment. Biologic or other disease features could identify these subgroups of patients.

Relevance of age on survival of 341 patients with multiple myeloma treated with conventional chemotherapy: updated results of the MM87 prospective randomized protocol. Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

Age could influence the prognosis of multiple myeloma patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Between January 1987 and March 1990, 341 consecutive previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma received chemotherapy within the prospective, multicentre, randomized Protocol MM87. Survival was evaluated in patients aged > or < or = 66 years (the median age for the whole series) and in a subgroup of patients aged < 55 years. These groups were similar for main clinical characteristics, including results of cytostatic treatment. As of May 1996, 271 (79%) of the 341 patients had died, and median follow-up of the 70 (21%) living patients was 82 months. Overall, younger patients survived longer than older ones. In fact, in patients > and < or = 66 years, median survival was 31 and 44 months (P < 0.00095) and the percentage of patients surviving over 72 months was 17% and 32% (P = 0.0018) respectively; in patients < 55 years, these figures were 57 months and 35% respectively (P = 0.02 and 0.01, with respect to patients aged > 55 years). In all groups, about 50% of the patients surviving over 72 months had stage I disease. For multiple myeloma patients treated with chemotherapy, survival is favourably affected by relatively young age and early stage of disease.

Experience with poorly myelosuppressive chemotherapy schedules for advanced myeloma. The Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

In a multicentre study, 83 patients with advanced and previously uniformly treated multiple myeloma (MM) were randomised between cyclophosphamide (600 mg m-2) and epirubicin (70 mg m-2), administered every 3 weeks for three courses and both associated with prednisone and interferon-alpha2b. Both regimens were administered on an outpatient basis and had low haematological toxicity. Clinical results were similar. Overall response rate (43%) and median response and survival (5.9 and 14.1 months respectively) compare well with those obtained with more aggressive chemotherapy schedules.

Treatment of multiple myeloma according to the extension of the disease: a prospective, randomised study comparing a less with a more aggressive cystostatic policy. Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether the prognostic significance of staging in multiple myeloma (MM) is influenced by the aggressiveness of effective induction treatment and/or by continuing or discontinuing maintenance chemotherapy. Patients with untreated stage I MM (defined according to Durie and Salmon) were randomised between being followed without cytostatics until the disease progressed and receiving six courses of melphalan and prednisone (MP-P) just after diagnosis; stage II patients were uniformly treated with MPH-P and stage III patients were randomised between MPH-P and four courses of combination chemotherapy with Peptichemio, vincristine and prednisone (PTC-VCR-P). Within each stage, responsive patients were randomised between receiving additional therapy only until maximal tumour reduction was reached (plateau phase) and continuing induction therapy indefinitely until relapse. With resistant, progressive or relapsing disease, patients originally treated with MPH-P for induction received combination chemotherapy and vice versa. The overall first response rate was 43.8% (42.2% in 206 stage I, II and III patients treated with MPH-P and 48.0% in 75 stage III patients treated with combination chemotherapy, P = NS). Combination chemotherapy was more myelotoxic than MPH-P and, in particular, caused more non-haematological side-effects. Both the less and the more aggressive induction policies gave the same disease control. Progression of disease was statistically similar in stage I patients who were initially left untreated and in t hose who received MPH-P just after diagnosis; median duration of first response was similar in stage III patients receiving MPH-P and in those on combination chemotherapy. In all stages, discontinuing or continuing maintenance did not alter the median duration of first response. The overall second response rate was 28.5% (34.0% to MPH-P and 25.3% to combination chemotherapy, P = NS). Median survival was greater than 78 months in stage I, was 46.3 months in stage II and was 24.3 months in stage III patients, still independent of both induction and post-induction policies. In MM, the significance of staging for survival is independent of both the aggressiveness of induction and of continuing or discontinuing maintenance chemotherapy after the maximal tumor reduction has been achieved. Both MPH-P and and the association of PTC, VCR and P are effective in inducing first response and also second response in patients failing on the alternative regimen, but PTC-VCR-P causes more side effects. Thus, the overwhelming majority of patients with MM can safely be given MPH-P as first therapy, and this treatment may be delayed in early diseases.

Renal abnormalities reverted by plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is usually accompanied by renal disfunction presumable due to diffuse thrombotic occlusions in the microcirculation. Two patients with TTP and slight renal failure with proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, were treated by repeated plasma exchanges with fresh frozen plasma, associated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide in one case, and prednisone alone in the other one. Platelet count, hematocrit and lactic dehydrogenase reverted to normal values within the fourth exchange; circulating immune complexes were never detected. Plasma factor stimulating prostacyclin activity lacked in only one patient and returned to normal levels after plasma exchange without being affected during a hematologic relapse. Renal function and urinary abnormalities reverted to normal by the end of plasma exchange and nine and six months renal and hematologic follow-up is still negative. Renal abnormalities in TTP seem to take advantage of early treatment by plasma exchange, which further to replacement of missing plasma factors, can account for the removal of toxic substances to be further investigated on.

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional defects in beta0-thalassaemia

Complementary DNA enriched in sequences hybridizing to beta-globin mRNA was prepared with viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and used as a probe for the presence of beta-globin mRNA in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA from two Italian patients with beta0-thalassaemia. In both cases the beta-globin gene was present and cytoplasmic mRNAbeta was absent; however, one case appeared to transcribe mRNAbeta and to fail to process it, while the other appeared transcriptionally defective. Evidence is also presented that the low levels of hybridization usually found at high RNA/cDNAbeta ratios in beta0-thalassaemia are due to delta-globin mRNA; the melting profile of the hybrid formed has been determined and a low melting temperature relative to mRNAbeta - cDNAbeta demonstrated.