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Abstract
By regarding gravity as the convolution of left and right Yang-Mills theories together with a spectator scalar field in the biadjoint representation, we derive in linearized approximation, the gravitational symmetries of general covariance, p-form gauge invariance, local Lorentz invariance, and local supersymmetry from the flat space Yang-Mills symmetries of local gauge invariance and global super-Poincaré symmetry. As a concrete example, we focus on the new minimal (12+12) off shell version of simple four-dimensional supergravity obtained by tensoring the off shell Yang-Mills multiplets (4+4, N_{L}=1) and (3+0, N_{R}=0).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anastasiou
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - L Borsten
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M J Duff
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - L J Hughes
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Nagy
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Turner EL, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL, Noble S, Sterne JAC, Lane JA, Avery KN, Down L, Walsh E, Davis M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Oliver SE, Evans S, Brindle P, Williams NJ, Hughes LJ, Hill EM, Davies C, Ng SY, Neal DE, Hamdy FC, Martin RM. Design and preliminary recruitment results of the Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP). Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2829-36. [PMID: 24867688 PMCID: PMC4056057 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for prostate cancer continues to generate controversy because of concerns about over-diagnosis and unnecessary treatment. We describe the rationale, design and recruitment of the Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP) trial, a UK-wide cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. METHODS Seven hundred and eighty-five general practitioner (GP) practices in England and Wales were randomised to a population-based PSA testing or standard care and then approached for consent to participate. In the intervention arm, men aged 50-69 years were invited to undergo PSA testing, and those diagnosed with localised prostate cancer were invited into a treatment trial. Control arm practices undertook standard UK management. All men were flagged with the Health and Social Care Information Centre for deaths and cancer registrations. The primary outcome is prostate cancer mortality at a median 10-year-follow-up. RESULTS Among randomised practices, 271 (68%) in the intervention arm (198,114 men) and 302 (78%) in the control arm (221,929 men) consented to participate, meeting pre-specified power requirements. There was little evidence of differences between trial arms in measured baseline characteristics of the consenting GP practices (or men within those practices). CONCLUSIONS The CAP trial successfully met its recruitment targets and will make an important contribution to international understanding of PSA-based prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Turner
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Noble
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J A C Sterne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J A Lane
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - K N Avery
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - L Down
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - E Walsh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - M Davis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S E Oliver
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York and the Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Evans
- Royal United Hospital Bath, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - P Brindle
- Avon Primary Care Research Collaborative, Marlborough Street, South Plaza, Bristol BS1 3NX, UK
| | - N J Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - L J Hughes
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - E M Hill
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - C Davies
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Y Ng
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - D E Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - R M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - the CAP trial group
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York and the Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Royal United Hospital Bath, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
- Avon Primary Care Research Collaborative, Marlborough Street, South Plaza, Bristol BS1 3NX, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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Abstract
We give a unified description of D=3 super-Yang-Mills theory with N=1, 2, 4, and 8 supersymmeties in terms of the four division algebras: reals (R), complexes (C), quaternions (H) and octonions (O). Tensoring left and right super-Yang-Mills multiplets with N=1, 2, 4, 8 we obtain a magic square RR, CR, CC, HR, HC, HH, OR, OC, OH, OO description of D=3 supergravity with N=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borsten
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M J Duff
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - L J Hughes
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Nagy
- Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Faville MJ, Vecchies AC, Schreiber M, Drayton MC, Hughes LJ, Jones ES, Guthridge KM, Smith KF, Sawbridge T, Spangenberg GC, Bryan GT, Forster JW. Functionally associated molecular genetic marker map construction in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Theor Appl Genet 2004; 110:12-32. [PMID: 15526086 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A molecular marker-based map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) has been constructed through the use of polymorphisms associated with expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A pair-cross between genotypes from a North African ecotype and the cultivar Aurora was used to generate a two-way pseudo-testcross population. A selection of 157 cDNAs assigned to eight different functional categories associated with agronomically important biological processes was used to detect polymorphic EST-RFLP loci in the F(1)(NA(6) x AU(6)) population. A comprehensive set of EST-SSR markers was developed from the analysis of 14,767 unigenes, with 310 primer pairs showing efficient amplification and detecting 113 polymorphic loci. Two parental genetic maps were produced: the NA(6) genetic map contains 88 EST-RFLP and 71 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 963 cM, while the AU(6) genetic map contains 67 EST-RFLP and 58 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 757 cM. Bridging loci permitted the alignment of homologous chromosomes between the parental maps, and a sub-set of genomic DNA-derived SSRs was used to relate linkage groups to the perennial ryegrass reference map. Regions of segregation distortion were identified, in some instances in common with other perennial ryegrass maps. The EST-derived marker-based map provides the basis for in silico comparative genetic mapping, as well as the evaluation of co-location between QTLs and functionally associated genetic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Faville
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Faville MJ, Vecchies AC, Schreiber M, Drayton MC, Hughes LJ, Jones ES, Guthridge KM, Smith KF, Sawbridge T, Spangenberg GC, Bryan GT, Forster JW. Functionally associated molecular genetic marker map construction in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Theor Appl Genet 2004. [PMID: 15526086 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-1959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A molecular marker-based map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) has been constructed through the use of polymorphisms associated with expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A pair-cross between genotypes from a North African ecotype and the cultivar Aurora was used to generate a two-way pseudo-testcross population. A selection of 157 cDNAs assigned to eight different functional categories associated with agronomically important biological processes was used to detect polymorphic EST-RFLP loci in the F(1)(NA(6) x AU(6)) population. A comprehensive set of EST-SSR markers was developed from the analysis of 14,767 unigenes, with 310 primer pairs showing efficient amplification and detecting 113 polymorphic loci. Two parental genetic maps were produced: the NA(6) genetic map contains 88 EST-RFLP and 71 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 963 cM, while the AU(6) genetic map contains 67 EST-RFLP and 58 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 757 cM. Bridging loci permitted the alignment of homologous chromosomes between the parental maps, and a sub-set of genomic DNA-derived SSRs was used to relate linkage groups to the perennial ryegrass reference map. Regions of segregation distortion were identified, in some instances in common with other perennial ryegrass maps. The EST-derived marker-based map provides the basis for in silico comparative genetic mapping, as well as the evaluation of co-location between QTLs and functionally associated genetic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Faville
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Schatz P, Hughes LJ, Chute DL. Underutilization of neuropsychology in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: is managed care to blame? NeuroRehabilitation 2002; 16:281-7. [PMID: 11790915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated factors determining which individuals received neuropsychological evaluations (NPEs) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Comprehensive records from a State-wide/sponsored Head Injury Program were followed from 1985--1995 to monitor effects of managed care on provision (or absence) of formal NPEs and ultimately on rehabilitation outcome. Only 26% of 273 individuals received NPEs (within their first three years post-injury). In the years prior to and after large changes in managed care, there were no differences in the provision of formal NPEs. Discriminant analysis identified functional status at discharge from primary rehabilitation and total number of rehabilitation facilities as the two variables that most distinguished those who had received NPEs with 69% classification accuracy. Between group analyses revealed that individuals were more likely to receive NPEs if they were young, involved in liability claims, attended multiple rehabilitation facilities, or had higher functional status at discharge from primary rehabilitation, regardless of the nature or severity of their TBI. Individuals receiving formal NPEs ultimately achieved higher levels of functional independence, suggesting a potential selection bias. Individuals were no more likely to receive NPEs according to insurance status (private versus government assisted) or as a function of the decade of their injury (1980's versus 1990's). It appears that health-care reform has had no deleterious effect on neuropsychologists' ability to provide consultative services for this population, and following TBI, only a discrete sample of individuals receive and benefit from NPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schatz
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
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