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Walsh L, Schneider U, Fogtman A, Kausch C, McKenna-Lawlor S, Narici L, Ngo-Anh J, Reitz G, Sabatier L, Santin G, Sihver L, Straube U, Weber U, Durante M. Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 21:73-82. [PMID: 31101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Kausch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - L Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma-2 Section, Rome, Italy
| | - J Ngo-Anh
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G Reitz
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Radiation Biology, Institue for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Sabatier
- Fundamental Research Division, D3P, CEA, Paris-Saclay, France
| | - G Santin
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - L Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Sihver L, Yasuda N. Causes and Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl and Fukushima Nuclear Accidents. Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4037116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the causes and the radiological consequences of the explosion of the Chernobyl reactor occurred at 1:23 a.m. (local time) on Apr. 26, 1986, and of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster following the huge Tsunami caused by the Great East Japan earthquake at 2.46 p.m. (local time) on Mar. 11, 2011 are discussed. The need for better severe accident management (SAM), and severe accident management guidelines (SAMGs), are essential in order to increase the safety of the existing and future operating nuclear power plants (NPPs). In addition to that, stress tests should, on a regular basis, be performed to assess whether the NPPs can withstand the effects of natural disasters and man-made failures and actions. The differences in safety preparations at the Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi will therefore be presented, as well as recommendations concerning improvements of safety culture, decontamination, and disaster planning. The need for a high-level national emergency response system in case of nuclear accidents will be discussed. The emergency response system should include fast alarms, communication between nuclear power plants, nuclear power authorities and the public people, as well as well-prepared and well-established evacuation plans and evacuation zones. The experiences of disaster planning and the development of a new improved emergency response system in Japan will also be presented together with the training and education program, which have been established to ensure that professional rescue workers, including medical staff, fire fighters, and police, as well as the normal populations including patients, have sufficient knowledge about ionizing radiation and are informed about the meaning of radiation risks and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria e-mail:
| | - N. Yasuda
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui 914-0055, Japan
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Baiocco G, Barbieri S, Babini G, Morini J, Alloni D, Friedland W, Kundrát P, Schmitt E, Puchalska M, Sihver L, Ottolenghi A. The origin of neutron biological effectiveness as a function of energy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34033. [PMID: 27654349 PMCID: PMC5032018 DOI: 10.1038/srep34033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the impact of radiation quality in early and late responses of biological targets to ionizing radiation exposure necessarily grounds on the results of mechanistic studies starting from physical interactions. This is particularly true when, already at the physical stage, the radiation field is mixed, as it is the case for neutron exposure. Neutron Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) is energy dependent, maximal for energies ~1 MeV, varying significantly among different experiments. The aim of this work is to shed light on neutron biological effectiveness as a function of field characteristics, with a comprehensive modeling approach: this brings together transport calculations of neutrons through matter (with the code PHITS) and the predictive power of the biophysical track structure code PARTRAC in terms of DNA damage evaluation. Two different energy dependent neutron RBE models are proposed: the first is phenomenological and based only on the characterization of linear energy transfer on a microscopic scale; the second is purely ab-initio and based on the induction of complex DNA damage. Results for the two models are compared and found in good qualitative agreement with current standards for radiation protection factors, which are agreed upon on the basis of RBE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Baiocco
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Barbieri
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Babini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - J. Morini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - D. Alloni
- INFN, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- LENA, Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - W. Friedland
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - P. Kundrát
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E. Schmitt
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - L. Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - A. Ottolenghi
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Štěpán V, Karamitros M, Karabín M, Dostálek P, Incerti S, Davídková M, Sihver L. Contribution of indirect effects to clustered damage in DNA irradiated with protons. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 166:44-48. [PMID: 25897140 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protons are the dominant particles both in galactic cosmic rays and in solar particle events and, furthermore, proton irradiation becomes increasingly used in tumour treatment. It is believed that complex DNA damage is the determining factor for the consequent cellular response to radiation. DNA plasmid pBR322 was irradiated at U120-M cyclotron with 30 MeV protons and treated with two Escherichia coli base excision repair enzymes. The yields of SSBs and DSBs were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA has been irradiated in the presence of hydroxyl radical scavenger (coumarin-3-carboxylic acid) in order to distinguish between direct and indirect damage of the biological target. Pure scavenger solution was used as a probe for measurement of induced OH· radical yields. Experimental OH· radical yield kinetics was compared with predictions computed by two theoretical models-RADAMOL and Geant4-DNA. Both approaches use Geant4-DNA for description of physical stages of radiation action, and then each of them applies a distinct model for description of the pre-chemical and chemical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - V Štěpán
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - M Karamitros
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M Karabín
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - P Dostálek
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - S Incerti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - L Sihver
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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Sihver L, Ploc O, Puchalska M, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Kyselová D, Shurshakov V. Radiation environment at aviation altitudes and in space. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 164:477-483. [PMID: 25979747 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sihver
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria Chalmers University of Technology, Applied Physics, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - O Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria
| | - I Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - D Kyselová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - V Shurshakov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russia
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Puchalska M, Vondráček V, Molokanov AG, Sihver L, Davídková M. Dose distribution outside the target volume for 170-MeV proton beam. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:410-416. [PMID: 24759915 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dose delivered outside the proton field during radiotherapy can potentially lead to secondary cancer development. Measurements with a 170-MeV proton beam were performed with passive detectors (track etched detectors and thermoluminescence dosemeters) in three different depths along the Bragg curve. The measurement showed an uneven decrease of the dose outside of the beam field with local enhancements. The major contribution to the delivered dose is due to high-energy protons with linear energy transfer (LET) up to 10 keV µm(-1). However, both measurement and preliminary Monte Carlo calculation also confirmed the presence of particles with higher LET.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - V Vondráček
- Proton Therapy Center Czech, Budínova 2437/1a, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A G Molokanov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - L Sihver
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - M Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sihver L, Giacomelli M, Ota S, Skvarc J, Yasuda N, Ilic R, Kodaira S. Projectile fragment emission angles in fragmentation reactions of light heavy ions in the energy region <200 MeV/nucleon: Experimental study. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Durante M, Sihver L, Aird E, Jereczek-Fossa B, van den Heuvel F. 123 speaker DOSIMETRY FOR NORMAL TISSUE RISK ASSESSMENT: MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF THE DOSES RECEIVED BY NORMAL TISSUES FROM RADIATION THERAPY FROM CURRENT AND EMERGING MODALITIES. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sihver L, Sato T, Niita K. 1419 poster CALCULATIONS OF RBES USING PHITS COUPLED TO A MICRO-DOSIMETRIC KINETIC MODEL. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)71541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sihver L. 340 speaker PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN PROTON AND ION THERAPY. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sihver L, Sato T, Puchalska M, Reitz G. Simulations of the MATROSHKA experiment at the international space station using PHITS. Radiat Environ Biophys 2010; 49:351-357. [PMID: 20496176 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the biological effects of space radiation are increasing rapidly due to the perspective of long-duration manned missions, both in relation to the International Space Station (ISS) and to manned interplanetary missions to Moon and Mars in the future. As a preparation for these long-duration space missions, it is important to ensure an excellent capability to evaluate the impact of space radiation on human health, in order to secure the safety of the astronauts/cosmonauts and minimize their risks. It is therefore necessary to measure the radiation load on the personnel both inside and outside the space vehicles and certify that organ- and tissue-equivalent doses can be simulated as accurate as possible. In this paper, simulations are presented using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS) (Iwase et al. in J Nucl Sci Tech 39(11):1142-1151, 2002) of long-term dose measurements performed with the European Space Agency-supported MATROSHKA (MTR) experiment (Reitz and Berger in Radiat Prot Dosim 120:442-445, 2006). MATROSHKA is an anthropomorphic phantom containing over 6,000 radiation detectors, mimicking a human head and torso. The MTR experiment, led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), was launched in January 2004 and has measured the absorbed doses from space radiation both inside and outside the ISS. Comparisons of simulations with measurements outside the ISS are presented. The results indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool for estimation of doses received from cosmic radiation and for study of the shielding of spacecraft against cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sihver
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Golovchenko A, Sihver L, Ota S, Skvarč J, Yasuda N, Kodaira S, Timoshenko G, Giacomelli M. Fragmentation of 370MeV/n 20Ne and 470MeV/n 24Mg in light targets. RADIAT MEAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bertucci A, Durante M, Gialanella G, Grossi G, Manti L, Pugliese M, Scampoli P, Mancusi D, Sihver L, Rusek A. Shielding of relativistic protons. Radiat Environ Biophys 2007; 46:107-11. [PMID: 17256178 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protons are the most abundant element in the galactic cosmic radiation, and the energy spectrum peaks around 1 GeV. Shielding of relativistic protons is therefore a key problem in the radiation protection strategy of crewmembers involved in long-term missions in deep space. Hydrogen ions were accelerated up to 1 GeV at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York. The proton beam was also shielded with thick (about 20 g/cm2) blocks of lucite (PMMA) or aluminium (Al). We found that the dose rate was increased 40-60% by the shielding and decreased as a function of the distance along the axis. Simulations using the General-Purpose Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS) show that the dose increase is mostly caused by secondary protons emitted by the target. The modified radiation field after the shield has been characterized for its biological effectiveness by measuring chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed just behind the shield block, or to the direct beam, in the dose range 0.5-3 Gy. Notwithstanding the increased dose per incident proton, the fraction of aberrant cells at the same dose in the sample position was not significantly modified by the shield. The PHITS code simulations show that, albeit secondary protons are slower than incident nuclei, the LET spectrum is still contained in the low-LET range (<10 keV/microm), which explains the approximately unitary value measured for the relative biological effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertucci
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Sato T, Sihver L, Iwase H, Nakashima H, Niita K. Simulations of an accelerator-based shielding experiment using the particle and heavy-ion transport code system PHITS. Adv Space Res 2005; 35:208-13. [PMID: 15934196 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to estimate the biological effects of HZE particles, an accurate knowledge of the physics of interaction of HZE particles is necessary. Since the heavy ion transport problem is a complex one, there is a need for both experimental and theoretical studies to develop accurate transport models. RIST and JAERI (Japan), GSI (Germany) and Chalmers (Sweden) are therefore currently developing and bench marking the General-Purpose Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS), which is based on the NMTC and MCNP for nucleon/meson and neutron transport respectively, and the JAM hadron cascade model. PHITS uses JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics (JQMD) and the Generalized Evaporation Model (GEM) for calculations of fission and evaporation processes, a model developed at NASA Langley for calculation of total reaction cross sections, and the SPAR model for stopping power calculations. The future development of PHITS includes better parameterization in the JQMD model used for the nucleus-nucleus reactions, and improvement of the models used for calculating total reaction cross sections, and addition of routines for calculating elastic scattering of heavy ions, and inclusion of radioactivity and burn up processes. As a part of an extensive bench marking of PHITS, we have compared energy spectra of secondary neutrons created by reactions of HZE particles with different targets, with thicknesses ranging from <1 to 200 cm. We have also compared simulated and measured spatial, fluence and depth-dose distributions from different high energy heavy ion reactions. In this paper, we report simulations of an accelerator-based shielding experiment, in which a beam of 1 GeV/n Fe-ions has passed through thin slabs of polyethylene, Al, and Pb at an acceptance angle up to 4 degrees.
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La Tessa C, Guetersloh S, Heilbronn L, Miller J, Sihver L, Zeitlin C. Fragmentation of 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions in thick targets relevant for space exploration. Adv Space Res 2005; 35:223-9. [PMID: 15934198 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have measured charged nuclear fragments produced by 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions interacting with aluminium, polyethylene and lead. These materials are relevant for assessment of radiation risk for manned space flight. The data will be presented in a form suitable for comparison with models of nuclear fragmentation and transport, including linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum, fluence for iron and fragments, event-tack- and event-dose-averaged LET, total dose and iron contribution to dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C La Tessa
- Chalmers University of Technology, Nuclear Science and Engineering, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Giacomelli M, Skvarč J, Ilić R, Yasuda N, Sihver L. The measurement of the fragment emission angles in the reactions of and in tissue equivalent targets. RADIAT MEAS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Golovchenko AN, Skvarc J, Ilic R, Sihver L, Bamblevski VP, Tretyakova SP, Schardt D, Tripathi RK, Wilson JW, Bimbot R. Fragmentation of 200 and 244 MeV/u carbon beams in thick tissue-like absorbers. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 1999; 159:233-240. [PMID: 11542804 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stacks consisting of thin CR-39 sheets sandwiched between thick lucite and water absorbers were perpendicularly bombarded by 12C ions at 200 and 244 MeV/u. Track radius distributions representing the charge composition of the fragmented beams were automatically measured by a particle track analysis system. After analysis of the nuclear charge distributions, the total charge removal cross-sections and elemental production cross-sections of fragments with atomic numbers from 5 to 3, were obtained down to the lower energies (approximately 50 and 100 MeV/u, respectively). It has been found that the measured total charge removal cross-section agrees with theoretical predictions within approximately 10% and very well with previous experiments in corresponding energy regions. Two model calculations for production of B fragment are in good agreement with our measured data while a third model overestimates it by approximately 12%. Theoretical cross-sections for Be and Li fragments differ strongly among the different models and from measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Golovchenko
- Flerov Lab. of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation.
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Abstract
A recent set of light ion experiments are analyzed using the Green's function method of solving the Boltzmann equation for ions of high charge and energy (the GRNTRN transport code) and the NUCFRG2 fragmentation database generator code. Although the NUCFRG2 code reasonably represents the fragmentation of heavy ions, the effects of light ion fragmentation requires a more detailed nuclear model including shell structure and short range correlations appearing as tightly bound clusters in the light ion nucleus. The most recent NUCFRG2 code is augmented with a quasielastic alpha knockout model and semiempirical adjustments (up to 30 percent in charge removal) in the fragmentation process allowing reasonable agreement with the experiments to be obtained. A final resolution of the appropriate cross sections must await the full development of a coupled channel reaction model in which shell structure and clustering can be accurately evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wilson
- NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001, USA
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Abstract
The ability to know with precision the depth-dose, dose average LET, fluence and energy distributions is of great importance in many research fields, including therapeutic and diagnostic medicine when using heavy ion beams, as well as in space research. We have therefore developed a model and a computer code for calculating these distributions when using high energy proton or heavy ion beams. In this model, we use semi-empirical total reaction and partial cross section formulas developed by us and a new prescription to take into account the energy and momentum loss of the secondary nuclei. In this paper, we will also present an empirical equation for the total inelastic 4He-p cross section, as well as the partial cross sections for the production of 3He, 3H, 2H, p and n.
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Schardt D, Schall I, Geissel H, Irnich H, Kraft G, Magel A, Mohar MF, Munzenberg G, Nickel F, Scheidenberger C, Schwab W, Sihver L. Nuclear fragmentation of high-energy heavy-ion beams in water. Adv Space Res 1996; 17:87-94. [PMID: 11540376 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00516-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the physical-technical program of the heavy-ion therapy project at GSI we have investigated the nuclear fragmentation of high-energy ion beams delivered by the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS, using water as a tissue-equivalent target. For a direct comparison of fragmentation properties, beams of 10B, 12C, 14N, and 16O were produced simultaneously as secondary beams from a primary 18O beam and separated in flight by magnetic beam analysis. The Z-distributions of beam fragments produced in the water target were measured via energy loss in a large ionisation chamber and a scintillator telescope. From these data we obtained both total and partial charge-changing cross sections. In addition we have performed Bragg measurements using two parallel-plate ionization chambers and a water target of variable length. The detailed shape of the measured Bragg curves and the measured cross sections are in good agreement with model calculations based on semi-empirical formulae.
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Tsao CH, Silberberg R, Barghouty AF, Sihver L, Kanai T. Scaling algorithm to calculate heavy-ion spallation cross sections. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 47:1257-1262. [PMID: 9968559 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sihver L, Tsao CH, Silberberg R, Kanai T, Barghouty AF. Total reaction and partial cross section calculations in proton-nucleus (Zt <= 26) and nucleus-nucleus reactions (Zp and Zt <= 26). Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 47:1225-1236. [PMID: 9968555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Loveland W, Hellström M, Sihver L, Aleklett K. Target fragment mass distribution for the reaction of 13.3 GeV/nucleon 28Si with 197Au. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 42:1753-1756. [PMID: 9966907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.42.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Loveland W, Aleklett K, Sihver L, Xu Z, Casey C, Morrissey DJ, Liljenzin JO, Seaborg GT. Changes in target fragmentation mechanisms with increasing projectile energy in intermediate energy nuclear collisions. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 41:973-987. [PMID: 9966437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.41.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Casey C, Loveland W, Xu Z, Sihver L, Aleklett K, Seaborg GT. Nonequilibrium fission and heavy residue production in the interaction of 12-16 MeV/nucleon 32S with 165Ho. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 40:1244-1254. [PMID: 9966099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.40.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Loveland W, Aleklett K, Bronikowski M, Chu YY, Cumming JB, Haustein PE, Katcoff S, Porile NT, Sihver L. Unusual backward emission of multifragmentation products in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 37:1311-1313. [PMID: 9954571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.37.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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