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Corfmat J, Gibson AD, Mellanby RJ, Watson W, Appupillai M, Yale G, Gamble L, Mazeri S. Community attitudes and perceptions towards free-roaming dogs in Goa, India. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:565-581. [PMID: 35037536 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.2014839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Free-roaming dogs (FRD) represent a large proportion of the canine population in India and are often implicated as a source of conflict with humans. However, objective data on the attitudes and perceptions of local communities toward FRD are lacking. This study collected baseline data from 1141 households in Goa, India, on FRD feeding practices and assessed people's attitudes toward FRD in urban and rural communities. Additionally, respondents identified problems caused by FRD and proposed potential solutions.The study reported that 37% of respondents fed FRD with dog owners and Hindus being the most likely to feed. The majority of respondents agreed FRD were a menace (57%), a nuisance (58%) and scary (60%). Most respondents also agreed FRD were a vulnerable population (59%), that belong in communities (66%) and have a right to live on the streets (53%). Barking was the most commonly reported problem associated with FRD and the preferred solution was to impound FRD in shelters. This study reveals the complex and often misunderstood relationship between local communities and FRD and highlights potential strategies to reduce human-dog conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corfmat
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Mission Rabies, Goa, Panjim, India
| | - A D Gibson
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - W Watson
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Yale
- Mission Rabies, Goa, Panjim, India
| | - L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Fielding HR, Fernandes KA, Amulya VR, Belgayer D, Misquita A, Kenny R, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Capturing free-roaming dogs for sterilisation: A multi-site study in Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105996. [PMID: 37595388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sterilisation and rabies vaccination programs seek to manage free-roaming domestic dog (Canis familiaris) populations with the aim to reduce inter-species disease transmission and conflicts. As effective, permanent, remotely-administered options are not yet available for sterilisation, and oral vaccination is not yet commonly used; free-roaming dogs are typically captured for these interventions. There is a paucity of information describing how dog capture rates change over time within defined areas following repeated capture efforts. This data is needed to allow efficient dog capture programmes to be developed. Using spatial co-ordinates of dog capture, we characterise where dogs are more likely to be captured in six catch-sterilise-release campaigns, in Goa state, India. Combining capture numbers with population survey data collected in five sites, we document the increasing difficulty of catching entire (non-sterilised) dogs as sterilisation coverage increases and demonstrate how this leads to increased unit costs. Accounting for the extra resources required to capture dogs when sterilisation coverage is high will improve estimation of the resources required to manage free-roaming dog populations and assist in planning the most efficient intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Fielding
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K A Fernandes
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V R Amulya
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Belgayer
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Misquita
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - R Kenny
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - A D Gibson
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - L Gamble
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Tazawa K, Lewis A, Ly S, Peng Y, Duong V, Lohr F, Gibson A, Phimpraphai W, Gamble L. Evaluation of the Risk of Rabies in Human Victims through Implementation of Integrated Bite Case Management System in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Int J Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Evans MJ, Gibson A, Fielding H, Ohal P, Pandey P, Kumar A, Singh SK, Airikkala-Otter I, Abela-Ridder B, Gamble L, Handel I, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Free-roaming dog population dynamics in Ranchi, India. Res Vet Sci 2022; 143:115-123. [PMID: 35007799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies causes approximately 20,000 human deaths in India each year. Nearly all of these occur following dog bites. Large-scale, high-coverage dog rabies vaccination campaigns are the cornerstone of rabies elimination strategies in both human and dog populations, although this is particularly challenging to achieve in India as a large proportion of the dog population are free-roaming and unowned. Further, little is known about free-roaming dog ecology in India which makes defining optimum vaccination strategies difficult. In this study, data collected using a mobile phone application during three annual mass vaccination and neutering (surgical sterilisation of both males and females) campaigns of free-roaming dogs in Ranchi, India (during which a total of 43,847 vaccinations, 26,213 neuter surgeries and 28,172 re-sight observations were made) were interrogated, using two novel approaches to estimate the proportion of neutered dogs that were lost from the city (assumed due to mortality or migration) between campaign years. Analysis revealed high losses of neutered dogs each year, ranging from 25.3% (28.2-22.8) to 55.8% (57.0-54.6). We also estimated that the total population declined by 12.58% (9.89-15.03) over the three-year period. This demonstrates that there is a high turnover of free-roaming dogs and that despite neutering a large number of dogs in an annual sterilisation campaign, the decline in population size was modest over a three-year time period. These findings have significant implications for the planning of rabies vaccination campaigns and population management programmes as well as highlighting the need for further research into the demographics of free-roaming, unowned dogs in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Evans
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
| | - A Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - H Fielding
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - P Ohal
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - P Pandey
- Department of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Cooperative, (Animal Husbandry Division) Govt. of Jharkhand, India
| | - A Kumar
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - S K Singh
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - I Airikkala-Otter
- WVS India, Gramya Bhavan/RDO-Building Complex, Aruvankadu, 643202 Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Abela-Ridder
- Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - I Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - B M D C Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Sargison ND, Mazeri S, Gamble L, Lohr F, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Hunsberger KT, Jourdan N, Shah A, Burdon Bailey JL. Conjunctival mucous membrane colour as an indicator for the targeted selective treatment of haemonchosis and of the general health status of peri-urban smallholder goats in southern Malawi. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105225. [PMID: 33348303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The world's growing population is becoming increasingly centred around large cities, affording opportunities for peri-urban food production. Goats are well-suited to conversion of resources that are available in peri-urban settings into meat and occasionally milk. Haemonchus contortus has been described as "the nemesis of small ruminant production systems in tropical and subtropical regions"; hence control of haemonchosis through planned animal health management affords a pragmatic first step in improving the production efficiency of peri-urban goats. This study of peri-urban goat production investigated the potential value of targeted selective treatment of haemonchosis. 452 peri-urban goat keepers in southern Malawi were visited during three seasonal periods with relevance to the epidemiology of haemonchosis. 622, 599 and 455 individually identified goats were clinically examined during the dry season, the rainy season, and shortly after the end of the rainy season, respectively. Data were recorded for sex, age, weight, conjunctival mucous membrane colour score (FAMACHA©), body condition score (BCS) and faecal worm egg count (FEC); and where possible for pregnancy and lactation status. Animals with pale ocular mucous membranes were treated with 10 mg/kg albendazole, then re-examined 14 days later. Animals with pink mucous membranes, but FECs ≥250 eggs per gram were also re-examined and treated 14 days later. The results show high variability in growth rates deduced from the ages and bodyweights of each of 999 goats at the time of their enrolment. FAMACHA© scores alone were a poor index for the targeted selective treatment of haemonchosis, because they failed to identify too many animals that would have required treatment at different times of year and using different FAMACHA© and FEC cut-offs. Combining the indices of FAMACHA© scores ≥4, body condition scores ≥2, and age >18 months was more reliable in identifying those animals requiring treatment when different epidemiologically-relevant FEC thresholds for different seasons were taken into account. Inclusion of late pregnancy or early lactation status would have resulted in very few animals requiring treatment being missed. The use of conjunctival mucous membrane colour scoring in this way provided a valuable insight of the general health status of the peri-urban goats, to create opportunities for planned animal health management to improve productivity. The efficacy of albendazole treatment was poor, putatively due to drug resistance, or poor drug bioavailability in goats. In summary, our study shows opportunities for better production efficiency in peri-urban goats, and demonstrates the value of simple clinical diagnostic indices as decision support tools in planned animal health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - S Mazeri
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - F Lohr
- Mission Rabies, Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - P Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, PO Box 2096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - J Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, PO Box 2096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - K T Hunsberger
- MSD Fellowship for Global Health, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - N Jourdan
- MSD Fellowship for Global Health, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - A Shah
- MSD Fellowship for Global Health, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - J L Burdon Bailey
- Mission Rabies, Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
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Meunier NV, Gibson AD, Corfmat J, Mazeri S, Handel IG, Gamble L, Bronsvoort BMC, Mellanby RJ. A comparison of population estimation techniques for individually unidentifiable free-roaming dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:190. [PMID: 31174545 PMCID: PMC6556045 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measuring the size of free roaming dog populations quickly and accurately is critical in the implementation of numerous preventive health and population control interventions. However, few studies have investigated the relative performance of population size assessment tools when applied to dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the commonly used mark-resight methodology with distance sampling methods, which are less resource intensive, to estimate free-roaming dog abundance in Goa, India. Twenty-six working zones were surveyed along all roads twice by the same surveyor at the same time of day, following a vaccination campaign which included marking of vaccinated dogs with a coloured paint. The Chapman estimate was then used to evaluate the mark-resight abundance. Additionally, the number of dogs and perpendicular distance from the road for all dogs sighted was recorded. This was used to estimate dog density and abundance using distance sampling methods. The detection function was fitted based on goodness-of-fit and AIC. Results The Chapman abundance estimate for the entire study area was 5202 dogs (95%CI 4733.8–5671.0), and the distance sampling method abundance estimate was 5067 dogs (95%CI 4454.3–5764.2). For individual working zones, after taking other factors into account in a mixed effects model, the average distance sampling estimate was 35% higher (95%CI 20–53%) than the Chapman estimate. There was also evidence of a difference in estimates between surveyors of 21% (95%CI 7–37%) and between days (22% lower on day 2, 95%CI 8–38%) for individual working zones. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the distance sampling estimates were comparable overall to the Chapman method of abundance estimation of free roaming dogs across the entire study region but there was noticeable variation between the two methods when individual zones were compared. Consequently, distance sampling methods may be suitable to enumerate dogs over large areas in a more time efficient manner than the widely used mark-resight approach. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1938-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Meunier
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - A D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - J Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - I G Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - B Mde C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland.
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Gibson A, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace R, Gamble L, Handel I, Mellanby R, Bronsvoort BDC, Mazeri S. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100015. [PMID: 31384737 PMCID: PMC6668228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - G. Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - A. Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau – Rosslau, Germany
| | - J. Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | | | - A. King
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - R.M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - I.G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - B.M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The effective management of stray dogs is critically important in any rabies vaccination programme. In many rabies-endemic countries, stray dogs represent a significant proportion of both the free-roaming and total dog populations, and to ensure that rabies elimination programmes are successful, it is essential that this portion of the dog population (stray dogs) is vaccinated at high coverage. However, there are a number of challenges to managing and delivering rabies vaccinations to stray dogs. This paper will review the most pertinent issues relating to the problem of stray dogs and rabies elimination, focusing on the challenges relating to the estimation of population size, vaccination administration and vaccine coverage assessment in stray dog populations. The authors will highlight how these challenges can be overcome, notably by reviewing the census techniques that have been employed to assess stray dog populations, which then facilitate the planning and design of vaccination programmes. In addition, they discuss the range of vaccination strategies that are available and that have been used to vaccinate stray dogs and review how vaccination coverage can be assessed in this population. Finally, the benefits of population management in stray dogs through neutering programmes are reviewed. In short, this paper highlights the importance of ensuring that stray dogs, as well as owned dogs, are included in vaccination programmes and emphasises that many of the challenges related to protecting stray dogs from rabies can be overcome.
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Rupprecht CE, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Del Rio Vilas VJ, Gibson A D, Lohr F, Meslin FX, Seetahal JFR, Shervell K, Gamble L. Global rabies management: perspectives on regional strategies for prevention and control. REV SCI TECH OIE 2019; 37:711-727. [PMID: 30747114 DOI: 10.20506/rst.37.2.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a major neglected zoonotic disease, despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests and efficacious human and animal vaccines. Perpetuation of rabies among multiple species of bats and wild carnivores, together with the presence of diverse lyssaviruses, remains a challenge for the prevention and control of this disease. However, most of the global burden may be reduced by mass vaccination of dogs, the major reservoir. Elimination of human rabies mediated by dogs may be feasible, based upon the elicitation of herd immunity, the application of sound health economic principles for appropriate disease management and technology transfer to those developing countries where rabies is hyper-endemic. Global canine rabies elimination has clear benefits for public health, veterinary medicine and conservation biology, so these sectors must collaborate using a transdisciplinary 'One Health' approach that allows the creation of long-term regional strategies for enhanced surveillance and practical intervention.
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Zimmer B, Gamble L, Foster R, Kennedy N, Mayer D, Bailey JB, Lemon J, Langton J. Assessment of the impact on paediatric rabies at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, following a mass canine rabies vaccination programme. Int J Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gamble L, Gibson A, Mazeri S, de C Bronsvoort BM, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Development of non-governmental organisation-academic partnership to tackle rabies in Africa and Asia. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:18-20. [PMID: 30298519 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies kills approximately 60,000 people each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, of which 40% of victims are less than 15 years old. Once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal. Globally, rabies has been estimated to cause 3∙7 million disability-adjusted life years and $8∙6B in economic losses annually. The vast majority of human rabies cases are caused by bites from rabies-infected dogs. Despite this loss of human life and resultant economic and societal costs, rabies can be prevented in both humans and dogs by vaccination. This has been demonstrated in many countries, notably in Central and South America, where large-scale, high coverage mass dog vaccination programmes have dramatically reduced the incidence of rabies. Even in parts of Africa and Asia, projects have shown that rabies can be eliminated locally. Nevertheless, rabies remains an important cause of mortality in many sub-Saharan and Asian countries. The reasons why some countries have been able to effectively eliminate rabies whereas others have not are complex and often impossible to definitively identify; commonly cited explanations include political, economic, logistical and societal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - A Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - I Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Airikkala-Otter I, Gamble L, Mazeri S, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Meunier NV. Investigation of short-term surgical complications in a low-resource, high-volume dog sterilisation clinic in India. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:56. [PMID: 29482640 PMCID: PMC5828070 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical sterilisation is currently the method of choice for controlling free-roaming dog populations. However, there are significant logistical challenges to neutering large numbers of dogs in low-resource clinics. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of short-term surgical complications in a low-resource sterilisation clinic which did not routinely administer post-operative antibiotics. The medical records of all sterilisation surgeries performed in 2015 at the Worldwide Veterinary Service International Training Centre in Tamil Nadu, India were reviewed (group A) to assess immediate surgical complications. All animals in this group were monitored for at least 24 h post-surgery but were not released until assessed by a veterinarian as having uncomplicated wound healing. In the second part of this study from August to December 2015, 200 free-roaming dogs undergoing sterilisation surgery, were monitored for a minimum of 4-days post-surgery to further assess postoperative complications (group B). Results Surgery related complications were seen in 5.4% (95%CI, 4.5–6.5%) of the 1998 group A dogs monitored for at least 24 h, and in 7.0% (3.9–11.5%) of the 200 group B dogs monitored for 4 days. Major complications were classed as those requiring an intervention and resulted in increased morbidity or mortality. Major complications were seen in 2.8% (2.1–3.6%) and 1.5% (3.1–4.3%) of group A and B, respectively. Minor complications requiring little or no intervention were recorded for 2.6% (1.9–3.4%) for group A and 5.5% (2.8–9.6%) for group B. There was no evidence for a difference in complication rates between the two groups in a multivariate regression model. Conclusion This study demonstrated that high volume, low-resource sterilisation of dogs can be performed with a low incidence of surgical complications and low mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Airikkala-Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - L Gamble
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - I G Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - N V Meunier
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Haber M, Murray J, Gamble L, Carnegie-Clark A, Webber H, Ruhle M, Carter D, Oberthur A, Fischer M, Ziegler D, Marshall G, Gurova K, Burkhart C, Purmal A, Gudkov A, Norris M. 422 CBL0137, a novel NFkB suppressor and p53 activator, is highly effective in pre-clinical models of neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Di Mascio L, Gamble L, Wajed S, Winslet M. Intussuscepting giant liposarcoma of the oesophagus. J Postgrad Med 2006; 52:231-2. [PMID: 16855332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
When faced with invading pathogens that can lead to infection, patients must mount an effective and appropriate immune response. Altered immune function in patients who abuse alcohol has long been described in the medical literature. The alcohol-consuming host is particularly prone to infections in the lung, including bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. Over the last several decades, there has been increased interest in the immune mechanisms that underlie the increased risk of infection observed in this population. This article will review the basic immunology involved in the host response to an infection and then describe how alcohol disrupts many of these immune mechanisms. It will further provide an overview of lung infections which have been linked to alcohol abuse, and finally, it will address the evolving therapeutic approaches of the immune system that are being advanced to assist in caring for immunosuppressed hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gamble
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine and Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., Suite 3205, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Gamble L, Quinton LJ, Happel KI, Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. 249 THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE BINDING PROTEIN RESPONSE TO INTRATRACHEAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gamble L, Quinton LJ, Happel KI, Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. 421 THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE BINDING PROTEIN RESPONSE TO INTRATRACHEAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Quinton LJ, Nelson S, Zhang P, Gamble L, Happel KI, Bagby GJ. EFFECT OF SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL CHEMOKINE TREATMENT ON ALCOHOL-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF LUNG NEUTROPHIL RECRUITMENT. Shock 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200406002-00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gamble L, Hugenschmidt MB, Campbell CT, Jurgens TA, Rogers JW. Adsorption and reactions of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) on clean and water-dosed titanium dioxide (110). J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00078a055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Sigue G, Gamble L, Pelitere M, Venugopal S, Arcement L, Rab ST, Thakur V. From profound hypokalemia to life-threatening hyperkalemia: a case of barium sulfide poisoning. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:548-51. [PMID: 10695696 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.4.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 25-year-old man who was brought to the emergency department with skeletal muscle weakness, respiratory arrest, and rhabdomyolysis, as well as life-threatening hyperkalemia, after ingesting a depilatory containing barium sulfide (Magic Shave; Carson Products Co, Savannah, Ga). The findings of his physical examination were significant for hyporeflexia with marked weakness. He was in respiratory distress and required intubation and ventilatory support owing to progressive weakness of the respiratory muscles. His serum potassium level was 1.5 mmol/L. He was treated with intravenous and oral potassium. His serum potassium level peaked at 8.3 mmol/L and his serum creatine kinase level at 8286 IU/L. His acute respiratory weakness resolved with correction of the potassium concentration; his rhabdomyolysis responded well to hydration; and his renal function returned to normal. We also discuss the various pathophysiological findings in this case and compare our patient with another who, despite ingesting a similar amount of the same hair remover, did not develop any of the above complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sigue
- Section of Nephrology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans 70112, USA
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Fork RL, Cole S, Diffey W, Gamble L, Keys A. Optical amplifier for space applications. Opt Express 1999; 5:292-301. [PMID: 19401734 DOI: 10.1364/oe.5.000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical amplifier designed to amplify a spatially sampled component of an optical wavefront to kilowatt average power. The goal is means for implementing a strategy of spatially segmenting a large aperture wavefront, amplifying the individual segments, maintaining the phase coherence of the segments by active means, and imaging the resultant amplified coherent field. Applications of interest are the transmission of space solar power over multi-megameter distances, as to distant spacecraft, or to remote sites with no preexisting power grid.
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Gamble L, Diffey W, Cole S, Fork RL, Jones D. Simultaneous measurement of group delay and transmission of a one-dimensional photonic crystal. Opt Express 1999; 5:267-272. [PMID: 19401731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.5.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We characterize both the group delay and the transmission of a layered semiconductor structure in a single easily interpreted plot. The data spans a 50 nm wide spectral range with 1.7 nanometer wavelength resolution, and a 1.3 picosecond wide temporal range with temporal resolution of tens of femtoseconds. Specific data for a 28 period GaAs/AlAs layered photonic band-gap structure that characterizes both group delay and transmission of multiple photonic resonances in a single display are presented and compared to theory.
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Abstract
In 1986, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) developed national guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of major eye disease. A core committee of 10 AAO members detailed the framework and goals for the guidelines and wrote a series of broad criteria outlining the ophthalmologist's moral and ethical responsibilities. Several panels of AAO-physician experts were formed to develop guidelines for specific conditions. The panels were formed according to subspecialty and were assigned well-defined issues, such as the diagnosis and management of chronic, adult-onset open-angle glaucoma. Process and structure standards were developed first; outcome standards are scheduled for future development. The first five sets of practice guidelines have been approved by the AAO's Governing Council. These include standards for the comprehensive eye exam, as well as four disease-specific guidelines--open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, diabetic eye disease, and cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sommer
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Spivey BE, Gamble L. Order out of chaos. Can ophthalmology influence its future? Ophthalmology 1985; 92:49A-51A. [PMID: 4000643 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(85)34004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Gamble L, Mash AJ, Burdan T, Ruiz RS, Spivey BE. Ophthalmology (eye physician and surgeon) manpower studies for the United States. Part IV: Ophthalmology manpower distribution 1983. Ophthalmology 1983; 90:47A-64A. [PMID: 6634069 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(83)80032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Physician distribution continues to be important in health manpower planning. In 1980 the GMENAC Committee reported uneven geographic distribution of physicians and uneven rates of use of health services in the United States. This study uses zip code sectional areas as the geographical units to describe the geographic distribution of ophthalmologists. Ophthalmologists to population ratio was calculated for each of 532 zip code sectional areas in the US. Results indicate considerable variation in availability of ophthalmologic services. However, this variation is not necessarily indicative of a serious maldistribution problem since there are regional differences in need and supply. This study found that less than 1% of the population did not have convenient access to an ophthalmologist. Resulting data should be helpful to both ophthalmologists considering relocating and residents seeking practice opportunities. Ratios should be used in conjunction with other demographic information available for the sectional areas.
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