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Amenomori M, Bao YW, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Chen X, Chen Y, Cui SW, Ding LK, Fang JH, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gao Q, Gomi A, Gou QB, Guo YQ, Guo YY, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Jiang P, Jin HB, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kato S, Kawata K, Kozai M, Kurashige D, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Li Y, Lin YH, Liu B, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu LY, Liu MY, Liu W, Liu XL, Lou YQ, Lu H, Meng XR, Munakata K, Nakada H, Nakamura Y, Nakazawa Y, Nanjo H, Ning CC, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohura T, Okukawa S, Ozawa S, Qian L, Qian X, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Sakata M, Sako T, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Sugimoto H, Takano W, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wang YP, Wu HR, Wu Q, Xu JL, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yang Z, Yao YQ, Yin J, Yokoe Y, Yu NP, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang CP, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang X, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao SP, Zhou XX. Gamma-Ray Observation of the Cygnus Region in the 100-TeV Energy Region. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:031102. [PMID: 34328784 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report observations of gamma-ray emissions with energies in the 100-TeV energy region from the Cygnus region in our Galaxy. Two sources are significantly detected in the directions of the Cygnus OB1 and OB2 associations. Based on their positional coincidences, we associate one with a pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and the other mainly with a pulsar wind nebula PWN G75.2+0.1, with the pulsar moving away from its original birthplace situated around the centroid of the observed gamma-ray emission. This work would stimulate further studies of particle acceleration mechanisms at these gamma-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D Chen
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - T L Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - S W Cui
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L K Ding
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Y Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - A Gomi
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z T He
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - N Hotta
- Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Haibing Hu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Y Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - P Jiang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H B Jin
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - K Kasahara
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Omiya 330-8570, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Kozai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - D Kurashige
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - G M Le
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - H J Li
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Y Li
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y H Lin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Y Liu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X L Liu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y-Q Lou
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua University-National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) Joint Research Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X R Meng
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - K Munakata
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Nakada
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y Nakazawa
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8575, Japan
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - C C Ning
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - M Nishizawa
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - M Ohnishi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - T Ohura
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - S Okukawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - S Ozawa
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - L Qian
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - X Qian
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - X L Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shangdong Management University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - X B Qu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - T Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
| | - M Sakata
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - T Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - T K Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - J Shao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - M Shibata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8575, Japan
| | - H Sugimoto
- Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
| | - W Takano
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y H Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N Tateyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan
| | - H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Q Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - J L Xu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Yao
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - J Yin
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y Yokoe
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - N P Yu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - A F Yuan
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - L M Zhai
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C P Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210034, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Amenomori M, Bao YW, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Chen X, Chen Y, Cui SW, Ding LK, Fang JH, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gao Q, Gou QB, Guo YQ, Guo YY, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Jin HB, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kato S, Kawata K, Kihara W, Ko Y, Kozai M, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu B, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Liu W, Lou YQ, Lu H, Meng XR, Munakata K, Nakada H, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohura T, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Sugimoto H, Takano W, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yang Z, Yokoe Y, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang X, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao SP, Zhou XX. First Detection of sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma Rays from the Galactic Disk: Evidence for Ubiquitous Galactic Cosmic Rays beyond PeV Energies. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:141101. [PMID: 33891464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.141101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the long-awaited detection of diffuse gamma rays with energies between 100 TeV and 1 PeV in the Galactic disk. Particularly, all gamma rays above 398 TeV are observed apart from known TeV gamma-ray sources and compatible with expectations from the hadronic emission scenario in which gamma rays originate from the decay of π^{0}'s produced through the interaction of protons with the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. This is strong evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated beyond PeV energies in our Galaxy and spread over the Galactic disk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D Chen
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - T L Chen
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - S W Cui
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L K Ding
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F Feng
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Y Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z T He
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - N Hotta
- Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Haibing Hu
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Y Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H B Jin
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - K Kasahara
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Omiya 330-8570, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - W Kihara
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Y Ko
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - M Kozai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - G M Le
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - H J Li
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Y H Lin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y-Q Lou
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua University-National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) Joint Research Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X R Meng
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - K Munakata
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Nakada
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - M Nishizawa
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - M Ohnishi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - T Ohura
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - S Ozawa
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - X L Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - X B Qu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - T Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
| | - M Sakata
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - T K Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - J Shao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - M Shibata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8575, Japan
| | - H Sugimoto
- Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
| | - W Takano
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y H Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N Tateyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Yokoe
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - A F Yuan
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - L M Zhai
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210034, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Amenomori M, Bao YW, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Chen X, Chen Y, Cui SW, Ding LK, Fang JH, Fang K, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gao Q, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Jin HB, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kato S, Kawata K, Kozai M, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu B, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lou YQ, Lu H, Meng XR, Mitsui H, Munakata K, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Sakata M, Sako TK, Sengoku Y, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yagisawa K, Yamamoto Y, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang X, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. First Detection of Photons with Energy beyond 100 TeV from an Astrophysical Source. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:051101. [PMID: 31491288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the highest energy photons from the Crab Nebula observed by the Tibet air shower array with the underground water-Cherenkov-type muon detector array. Based on the criterion of a muon number measured in an air shower, we successfully suppress 99.92% of the cosmic-ray background events with energies E>100 TeV. As a result, we observed 24 photonlike events with E>100 TeV against 5.5 background events, which corresponds to a 5.6σ statistical significance. This is the first detection of photons with E>100 TeV from an astrophysical source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Y W Bao
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D Chen
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - T L Chen
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - S W Cui
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L K Ding
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Fang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F Feng
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Y Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z T He
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - N Hotta
- Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Haibing Hu
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Y Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H B Jin
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - F Kajino
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - K Kasahara
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Kozai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - G M Le
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - H J Li
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Y H Lin
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - B Liu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Y-Q Lou
- Physics Department, Astronomy Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua-National Astronomical Observatories of China joint Research Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X R Meng
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H Mitsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - K Munakata
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - M Nishizawa
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - M Ohnishi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - I Ohta
- Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya 321-3295, Japan
| | - S Ozawa
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - X L Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - X B Qu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - T Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
| | - M Sakata
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - T K Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y Sengoku
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - J Shao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - M Shibata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8576, Japan
| | - H Sugimoto
- Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y H Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N Tateyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Xue
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - K Yagisawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - A F Yuan
- Physics Department of Science School, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - L M Zhai
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. The cosmic ray energy spectrum measured with the new Tibet hybrid experiment. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920803001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have upgraded the new Tibet ASgamma experiment in China since 2014 to measure the chemical composition of cosmic rays around the knee. This hybrid experiment consist of an air-shower-core detector array (YAC-II) to detect high energy electromagnetic component, the Tibet air-shower array (Tibet-III) and a large underground water-Cherenkov muon-detector array (MD). We have carried out a detailed air-shower Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to study the performance of the hybrid detectors by using CORSIKA (version 7.5000), which includes EPOS-LHC, QGSJETII-04, SIBYLL2.1 and SIBYLL2.3 hadronic interaction models. The preliminary results of the interaction model checking above 50 TeV energy region are reported in this paper, and the primary proton and helium spectra in the energy range 50 TeV to 1015 eV was derived from YAC-I data and is smoothly connected with direct observation data at lower energies and also with our previously reported works at higher energies within statistical errors. The knee of the (P+He) spectra is located around 400 TeV. The interaction model dependence in deriving the primary (P+He) spectra is found to be small (less than 25% in absolute intensity, 10% in position of the knee), and the composition model dependence is less than 10% in absolute intensity.
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920808013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. On the Solar Cycle Variation of the Solar Diurnal Anisotropy of Multi-TeV Cosmic-ray Intensity Observed with the Tibet Air Shower Array. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920808012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the temporal variation of the solar diurnal anisotropy of the multi-TeV cosmic-ray intensity observed with the Tibet air shower array from 2000 to 2009, covering the maximum and minimum of the 23rd solar cycle. We comfirm that a remarkable additional anisotropy component is superposed on the Compton-Getting anisotropy at 4.0 TeV, while its amplitude decreases at higher energy regions. In constrast to the additional anisotropy reported by the Matsushiro experiment at 0.6 TeV, we find the residual component measured by Tibet at multi-TeV energies is consistent with being stable, with a fairly constant amplitude of 0.041% ± 0.003% and a phase at around 07.17 ± 00.16 local solar time at 4.0 TeV. This suggests the additional anisotropy observed by the Tibet experiment could result from mechanisms unrelated to solar activities.
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Mizutani K, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. Evaluation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Strength Using the Cosmic-Ray Shadow of the Sun. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:031101. [PMID: 29400499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the Sun's shadow observed with the Tibet-III air shower array and find that the shadow's center deviates northward (southward) from the optical solar disk center in the "away" ("toward") interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector. By comparing with numerical simulations based on the solar magnetic field model, we find that the average IMF strength in the away (toward) sector is 1.54±0.21_{stat}±0.20_{syst} (1.62±0.15_{stat}±0.22_{syst}) times larger than the model prediction. These demonstrate that the observed Sun's shadow is a useful tool for the quantitative evaluation of the average solar magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D Chen
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - T L Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S W Cui
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L K Ding
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F Feng
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Y Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z T He
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - N Hotta
- Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Haibing Hu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Y Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Kajino
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - K Kasahara
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Kozai
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - G M Le
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - H J Li
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X R Meng
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - T Miyazaki
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - K Mizutani
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - K Munakata
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - T Nakajima
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - M Nishizawa
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - T Niwa
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - M Ohnishi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - I Ohta
- Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya 321-3295, Japan
| | - S Ozawa
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - X L Qian
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - X B Qu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - T Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
| | - T Y Saito
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München D-80805, Deutschland
| | - M Sakata
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - T K Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
- Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Nanotechnología, Yachay Tech, Imbabura 100115, Ecuador
| | - J Shao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - M Shibata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8576, Japan
| | - T Shirai
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Sugimoto
- Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y H Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N Tateyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Xue
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - K Yamauchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - A F Yuan
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - T Yuda
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - L M Zhai
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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8
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, Hakamada K, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Munakata K, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Onuma H, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yang Z, Yasue S, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. Probe of the solar magnetic field using the "cosmic-ray shadow" of the sun. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:011101. [PMID: 24027782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.011101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a clear solar-cycle variation of the Sun’s shadow in the 10 TeV cosmic-ray flux observed by the Tibet air shower array during a full solar cycle from 1996 to 2009. In order to clarify the physical implications of the observed solar cycle variation, we develop numerical simulations of the Sun’s shadow, using the potential field source surface model and the current sheet source surface (CSSS) model for the coronal magnetic field. We find that the intensity deficit in the simulated Sun’s shadow is very sensitive to the coronal magnetic field structure, and the observed variation of the Sun’s shadow is better reproduced by the CSSS model. This is the first successful attempt to evaluate the coronal magnetic field models by using the Sun’s shadow observed in the TeV cosmic-ray flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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9
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Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Bi XJ, Chen D, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Ding XH, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gao XY, Geng QX, Guo HW, He HH, He M, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Huang Q, Jia HY, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li JY, Lou YQ, Lu H, Lu SL, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mu J, Munakata K, Nagai A, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Onuma H, Ouchi T, Ozawa S, Ren JR, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Sasaki T, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang B, Wang H, Wang X, Wang YG, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yan CT, Yang XC, Yasue S, Ye ZH, Yu GC, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang NJ, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. Anisotropy and Corotation of Galactic Cosmic Rays. Science 2006; 314:439-43. [PMID: 17053141 DOI: 10.1126/science.1131702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays is nearly isotropic because of the influence of magnetic fields in the Milky Way. Here, we present two-dimensional high-precision anisotropy measurement for energies from a few to several hundred teraelectronvolts (TeV), using the large data sample of the Tibet Air Shower Arrays. Besides revealing finer details of the known anisotropies, a new component of Galactic cosmic ray anisotropy in sidereal time is uncovered around the Cygnus region direction. For cosmic-ray energies up to a few hundred TeV, all components of anisotropies fade away, showing a corotation of Galactic cosmic rays with the local Galactic magnetic environment. These results have broad implications for a comprehensive understanding of cosmic rays, supernovae, magnetic fields, and heliospheric and Galactic dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Ayabe
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. J. Bi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. W. Cui
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L. K. Ding
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. H. Ding
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. F. Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Z. Y. Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Y. Gao
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Q. X. Geng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. W. Guo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. H. He
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. He
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Hibino
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. Hotta
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Haibing Hu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. B. Hu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Huang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Q. Huang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Y. Jia
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - F. Kajino
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Kasahara
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Katayose
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. Kato
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Kawata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Labaciren
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - G. M. Le
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. F. Li
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Y. Li
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y.-Q. Lou
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Lu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. L. Lu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. R. Meng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Mizutani
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Mu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Munakata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. Nagai
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Nishizawa
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Ohnishi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - I. Ohta
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Onuma
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Ouchi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Ozawa
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. R. Ren
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Saito
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Y. Saito
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Sakata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. K. Sako
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Sasaki
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Shibata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. Shiomi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Shirai
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Sugimoto
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Takita
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. H. Tan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. Tateyama
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Torii
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Tsuchiya
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Udo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - B. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. G. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. R. Wu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L. Xue
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. T. Yan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. C. Yang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Yasue
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Z. H. Ye
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - G. C. Yu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. F. Yuan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Yuda
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. M. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. L. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. J. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Y. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Zhaxisangzhu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. X. Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
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Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Cui SW, Ding LK, Ding XH, Feng CF, Feng ZY, Gao XY, Geng QX, Guo HW, He HH, He M, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Huang Q, Jia HY, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Le GM, Li JY, Lu H, Lu SL, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mori S, Mu J, Munakata K, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Onuma H, Ouchi T, Ozawa S, Ren JR, Saito T, Sakata M, Sasaki T, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Utsugi T, Wang BS, Wang H, Wang X, Wang YG, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yan CT, Yang XC, Yasue S, Ye ZH, Yu GC, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang NJ, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. Observation by an air-shower array in Tibet of the multi-TeV cosmic-ray anisotropy due to terrestrial orbital motion around the Sun. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:061101. [PMID: 15323615 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the solar diurnal variation of the galactic cosmic-ray intensity observed by the Tibet III air shower array during the period from 1999 to 2003. In the higher-energy event samples (12 and 6.2 TeV), the variations are fairly consistent with the Compton-Getting anisotropy due to the terrestrial orbital motion around the Sun, while the variation in the lower-energy event sample (4.0 TeV) is inconsistent with this anisotropy. This suggests an additional anisotropy superposed at the multi-TeV energies, e.g., the solar modulation effect. This is the highest-precision measurement of the Compton-Getting anisotropy ever made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, 036-8561, Japan
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Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Cao PY, Ding LK, Feng ZY, Fu Y, Guo HW, He M, Hibino K, Hotta N, Huang Q, Huo AX, Izu K, Jia HY, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Li JY, Lu H, Lu SL, Luo GX, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mu J, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ouchi T, Ren JR, Saito T, Sakata M, Sasaki T, Shi ZZ, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Taira K, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Utsugi T, Wang CR, Wang H, Xu XW, Yamamoto Y, Yu GC, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhang CS, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang NJ, Zhang XY, Zhou WD, Collaboration) T. Observation of Multi-TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula using the Tibet Air Shower Array. Astrophys J 1999; 525:L93-L96. [PMID: 10525462 DOI: 10.1086/312342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Tibet experiment, operating at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level), is the lowest energy air shower array, and the new high-density array constructed in 1996 is sensitive to gamma-ray air showers at energies as low as 3 TeV. With this new array, the Crab Nebula was observed in multi-TeV gamma-rays and a signal was detected at the 5.5 sigma level. We also obtained the energy spectrum of gamma-rays in the energy region above 3 TeV which partially overlaps those observed with imaging atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes. The Crab spectrum observed in this energy region can be represented by the power-law fit dJ&parl0;E&parr0;&solm0;dE=&parl0;4.61+/-0.90&parr0;x10-12&parl0;E&solm0;3 TeV&parr0;-2.62+/-0.17 cm-2 s-1 TeV-1. This is the first observation of gamma-ray signals from point sources with a conventional air shower array using scintillation detectors.
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Cao Z, Ding LK, Zhu QQ, He YD. Quark compositeness, new physics, and ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray double-core gamma -family events. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 72:1794-1797. [PMID: 10055706 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Amenomori M, Cao Z, Ding LK, Feng ZY, Hibino K, Hotta N, Huang Q, Huo AX, Jia HY, Jiang GZ, Jiao SQ, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Mei DM, Meng L, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mu J, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Oguro A, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ren JR, Saito T, Sakata M, Shi ZZ, Shibata M, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Sun XX, Tai A, Taira K, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Wang H, Wen CZ, Yamamoto Y, Yao XY, Yu GC, Yuan P, Yuda T, Zeng JG, Zhang CS, Zhang HM, Zhang L, Zhou WD. Cosmic-ray deficit from the directions of the Moon and the Sun detected with the Tibet air-shower array. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1993; 47:2675-2681. [PMID: 10015867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Amenomori M, Cao Z, Ding LK, Feng ZY, Hibino K, Hotta N, Huang Q, Huo AX, Jia HY, Jiang GZ, Jiao SQ, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Mei DM, Meng L, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mu J, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Oguro A, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ren JR, Saito T, Sakata M, Shi ZZ, Shibata M, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Sun XX, Tai A, Taira K, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Wang H, Wen CZ, Yamamoto Y, Yao XY, Yu GC, Yuan P, Yuda T, Zeng JG, Zhang CS, Zhang HM, Zhang L, Zhou WD. Search for steady emission of 10-TeV gamma rays from the Crab Nebula, Cygnus X-3, and Hercules X-1 using the Tibet air shower array. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:2468-2471. [PMID: 10046502 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Rifkin SB, Ding LK. "Community" health. Mod Med Asia 1977; 13:7-9. [PMID: 600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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