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Chadha VK, Praseeja P, Srivastava R, Shivashankar BA, Hemanth Kumar NK, Padmesha R, Suganthi P, Umadevi G, Narayana L, Magesh V, Nagendra N, Puttaswamy G, Jaiswal R, Somashekar N. Pre-treatment delay and out of pocket expenses by notified new tuberculosis patients in an Indian mega city. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:446-452. [PMID: 36460374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study was carried out to find out delay from onset of symptoms and out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) until initiation of anti-TB treatment (ATT) by new Tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in public health facilities in Bengaluru. METHODS Notified patients (N = 228) selected purposively were interviewed at initiation of ATT regarding number and type of facilities visited and delay in initiating ATT. OOPE was elicited separately for in- and out-patient visits, towards consultation, purchase of medicines, diagnostic tests, transportation, hospitalization and food. Dissaving or money borrowed was ascertained. RESULTS Two-thirds of participants were 15-44 years of age and 56% were males, mean annual household income was $4357. About 75% first visited a private health facility; 68% and 87% respectively were diagnosed and started on ATT in public sector after visiting an average of three facilities and after a mean delay of 68 days; the median delay was 44 days. Of mean OOPE of $402, 54% was direct medical expenditure, 5% non-medical direct and 41% indirect. OOPE was higher for Extra-pulmonary TB compared to PTB and when number of health facilities visited before initiating treatment was >3 compared to those who visited ≤3 and when the time interval between onset of symptoms and treatment initiation (total delay) was >28 days compared to when this interval was ≤28 days. About 20% suffered catastrophic expenditure; 34% borrowed money and 37% sold assets. CONCLUSION Concerted efforts are needed to reduce delay and OOPE in pre-treatment period and social protection to account for indirect expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Chadha
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India.
| | - P Praseeja
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India; Data Processing Center, National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Srivastava
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - B A Shivashankar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - N K Hemanth Kumar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Padmesha
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - P Suganthi
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - G Umadevi
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lakshmi Narayana
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - V Magesh
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - N Nagendra
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - G Puttaswamy
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Jaiswal
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India; National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, New Delhi, India
| | - N Somashekar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
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Kumar M, M G, Satheesan B, Babu T S, Salih S, Narayana L, Alexander A, EP S, M D, B S, S G, Kumar S. RESULTS OF CONCURRENT CHEMORADIATION IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER WITH HYPOFRACTIONATED PROTOCOL OF 60GY/25#/5 WEEKS WITH WEEKLY CISPLATIN. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Levels of the mRNA for PIM-1, a protooncogene encoding a cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase show a wide variation among tissues and cell lines, although this gene is transcribed from a GC- rich housekeeping promoter. Previous studies have failed to identify tissue specific elements in the PIM-1 promoter raising the possibility that these elements might reside within the gene. Transient transfections of Luciferase reporter gene constructs into the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 (which expresses high levels of PIM-1 mRNA) demonstrate that the 1.7kbp PIM-1 promoter sequences alone were three times more efficient than constructs driven by the promoter+PIM-1 genomic sequences. Nuclear run on assays of nascent RNA from K562 cells revealed premature transcriptional termination within the PIM-1 gene. Thus, PIM-1 gene may be constitutively transcribed in all tissues and transcriptional attenuation could be one of the mechanisms regulating the observed differences in steady state levels of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nagarajan
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Narayana L, Nagarajan L. A mouse c-ros genomic clone: identification of a highly conserved 22-amino acid segment in the juxta-membrane domain. Gene X 1992; 118:297-8. [PMID: 1324876 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse c-ros protooncogene genomic sequences have been cloned; an analysis of the partial genomic clone revealed a high conservation of the exons encoding the juxta-membrane (JM) and the 5' most protein tyrosine kinase domains. We have identified a segment of 22 amino acids conserved between the human and mouse JM domains; this segment may have a critical role in the function of the c-ros-encoded protein tyrosine kinase receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Narayana
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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