1
|
Mony PK, Tadele H, Gobezayehu AG, Chan GJ, Kumar A, Mazumder S, Beyene SA, Jayanna K, Kassa DH, Mohammed HA, Estifanos AS, Kumar P, Jadaun AS, Hailu Abay T, Washington M, W/Gebriel F, Alamineh L, Fikre A, Kumar A, Trikha S, Ashebir Gebregizabher F, Kar A, Bilal SM, Belew ML, Debere MK, Krishna R, Dalpath SK, Amare SY, Mohan HL, Brune T, Sibley LM, Tariku A, Sahu A, Kumar T, Hadush MY, Gowda PD, Aziz K, Duguma D, Singh PK, Darmstadt GL, Agarwal R, Gebremariam DS, Martines J, Portela A, Jaiswal HV, Bahl R, Rao Pn S, Tadesse BT, Cranmer JN, Hailemariam D, Kumar V, Bhandari N, Medhanyie AA. Scaling up Kangaroo Mother Care in Ethiopia and India: a multi-site implementation research study. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005905. [PMID: 34518203 PMCID: PMC8438727 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), prolonged skin-to-skin care of the low birth weight baby with the mother plus exclusive breastfeeding reduces neonatal mortality. Global KMC coverage is low. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate context-adapted implementation models to achieve improved coverage. Design This study used mixed-methods applying implementation science to develop an adaptable strategy to improve implementation. Formative research informed the initial model which was refined in three iterative cycles. The models included three components: (1) maximising access to KMC-implementing facilities, (2) ensuring KMC initiation and maintenance in facilities and (3) supporting continuation at home postdischarge. Participants 3804 infants of birth weight under 2000 g who survived the first 3 days, were available in the study area and whose mother resided in the study area. Main outcome measures The primary outcomes were coverage of KMC during the 24 hours prior to discharge and at 7 days postdischarge. Results Key barriers and solutions were identified for scaling up KMC. The resulting implementation model achieved high population-based coverage. KMC initiation reached 68%–86% of infants in Ethiopian sites and 87% in Indian sites. At discharge, KMC was provided to 68% of infants in Ethiopia and 55% in India. At 7 days postdischarge, KMC was provided to 53%–65% of infants in all sites, except Oromia (38%) and Karnataka (36%). Conclusions This study shows how high coverage of KMC can be achieved using context-adapted models based on implementation science. They were supported by government leadership, health workers’ conviction that KMC is the standard of care, women’s and families’ acceptance of KMC, and changes in infrastructure, policy, skills and practice. Trial registration numbers ISRCTN12286667; CTRI/2017/07/008988; NCT03098069; NCT03419416; NCT03506698.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K Mony
- Division of Epidemiology & Population Health, St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Henok Tadele
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Grace J Chan
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aarti Kumar
- Community Empowerment Lab, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Selemawit Asfaw Beyene
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Krishnamurthy Jayanna
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India.,Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dejene Hailu Kassa
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- National Health Mission, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Singh Jadaun
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Tedros Hailu Abay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Maryann Washington
- St John's Research Institute, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Fitsum W/Gebriel
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Addisalem Fikre
- St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alok Kumar
- Governent of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonia Trikha
- State Health Systems Resource Center, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | | | - Arin Kar
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Rajajinagar, India
| | - Selamawit Mengesha Bilal
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Raghav Krishna
- Community Empowerment Lab, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Samson Yohannes Amare
- Department of Software Engineering, School of Computing, College of Science and Technology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - H L Mohan
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Rajajinagar, India
| | - Thomas Brune
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Abraham Tariku
- Maternal & Child Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Arti Sahu
- Community Empowerment Lab, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Marta Yemane Hadush
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Prabhu Deva Gowda
- Directorate of Health & Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore, India
| | - Khalid Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ramesh Agarwal
- Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dawit Seyoum Gebremariam
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Jose Martines
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anayda Portela
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harsh Vardhan Jaiswal
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Suman Rao Pn
- Department of Neonatology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Nita Bhandari
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Araya Abrha Medhanyie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.,School of Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rao SPN, Minckas N, Medvedev MM, Gathara D, Y N P, Seifu Estifanos A, Silitonga AC, Jadaun AS, Adejuyigbe EA, Brotherton H, Arya S, Gera R, Ezeaka CV, Gai A, Gobezayehu AG, Dube Q, Kumar A, Naburi H, Chiume M, Tumukunde V, Medhanyie AA, Plange-Rhule G, Shabini J, Ohuma EO, Tadele H, W/Gebriel F, Hadgu A, Alamineh L, Mehta R, Molyneux E, Lawn JE. Small and sick newborn care during the COVID-19 pandemic: global survey and thematic analysis of healthcare providers' voices and experiences. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004347. [PMID: 33716220 PMCID: PMC7959239 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting health systems globally. Maternity care disruptions have been surveyed, but not those related to vulnerable small newborns. We aimed to survey reported disruptions to small and sick newborn care worldwide and undertake thematic analysis of healthcare providers' experiences and proposed mitigation strategies. METHODS Using a widely disseminated online survey in three languages, we reached out to neonatal healthcare providers. We collected data on COVID-19 preparedness, effects on health personnel and on newborn care services, including kangaroo mother care (KMC), as well as disruptors and solutions. RESULTS We analysed 1120 responses from 62 countries, mainly low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Preparedness for COVID-19 was suboptimal in terms of guidelines and availability of personal protective equipment. One-third reported routine testing of all pregnant women, but 13% had no testing capacity at all. More than 85% of health personnel feared for their own health and 89% had increased stress. Newborn care practices were disrupted both due to reduced care-seeking and a compromised workforce. More than half reported that evidence-based interventions such as KMC were discontinued or discouraged. Separation of the mother-baby dyad was reported for both COVID-positive mothers (50%) and those with unknown status (16%). Follow-up care was disrupted primarily due to families' fear of visiting hospitals (~73%). CONCLUSION Newborn care providers are stressed and there is lack clarity and guidelines regarding care of small newborns during the pandemic. There is an urgent need to protect life-saving interventions, such as KMC, threatened by the pandemic, and to be ready to recover and build back better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman P N Rao
- Department of Neonatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Nicole Minckas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa M Medvedev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Gathara
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-, Wellcome Trust Research Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Prashantha Y N
- Department of Neonatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Abiy Seifu Estifanos
- Department of Reproductive, Family and Population Health, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfrida Camelia Silitonga
- Department of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Country Office Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arun Singh Jadaun
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Helen Brotherton
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sugandha Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rani Gera
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Chinyere V Ezeaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lagos and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abdou Gai
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Queen Dube
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine and Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Helga Naburi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Msandeni Chiume
- Department of Pediatrics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Victor Tumukunde
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Araya Abrha Medhanyie
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Gyikua Plange-Rhule
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Josephine Shabini
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamayo, Tanzania
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Henok Tadele
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Amanuel Hadgu
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Rajesh Mehta
- Regional Office, South East Asia, World Health Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine and Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Joy E Lawn
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|