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Bui LT, Winters NI, Chung MI, Joseph C, Gutierrez AJ, Habermann AC, Adams TS, Schupp JC, Poli S, Peter LM, Taylor CJ, Blackburn JB, Richmond BW, Nicholson AG, Rassl D, Wallace WA, Rosas IO, Jenkins RG, Kaminski N, Kropski JA, Banovich NE. Chronic lung diseases are associated with gene expression programs favoring SARS-CoV-2 entry and severity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4314. [PMID: 34262047 PMCID: PMC8280215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lung disease (CLD) have an increased risk for severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and poor outcomes. Here, we analyze the transcriptomes of 611,398 single cells isolated from healthy and CLD lungs to identify molecular characteristics of lung cells that may account for worse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with chronic lung diseases. We observe a similar cellular distribution and relative expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in control and CLD lungs. CLD AT2 cells express higher levels of genes linked directly to the efficiency of viral replication and the innate immune response. Additionally, we identify basal differences in inflammatory gene expression programs that highlight how CLD alters the inflammatory microenvironment encountered upon viral exposure to the peripheral lung. Our study indicates that CLD is accompanied by changes in cell-type-specific gene expression programs that prime the lung epithelium for and influence the innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Bui
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nichelle I Winters
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mei-I Chung
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Respiratory Medicine NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Arun C Habermann
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor S Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergio Poli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lance M Peter
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chase J Taylor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica B Blackburn
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Doris Rassl
- Pathology Research, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - William A Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Pathology, Edinburgh University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- Respiratory Medicine NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Bui LT, Winters NI, Chung MI, Joseph C, Gutierrez AJ, Habermann AC, Adams TS, Schupp JC, Poli S, Peter LM, Taylor CJ, Blackburn JB, Richmond BW, Nicholson AG, Rassl D, Wallace WA, Rosas IO, Jenkins RG, Kaminski N, Kropski JA, Banovich NE. Chronic lung diseases are associated with gene expression programs favoring SARS-CoV-2 entry and severity. bioRxiv 2021:2020.10.20.347187. [PMID: 33106805 PMCID: PMC7587778 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.20.347187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lung disease (CLD) have an increased risk for severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and poor outcomes. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomes of 605,904 single cells isolated from healthy and CLD lungs to identify molecular characteristics of lung cells that may account for worse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with chronic lung diseases. We observed a similar cellular distribution and relative expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in control and CLD lungs. CLD epithelial cells expressed higher levels of genes linked directly to the efficiency of viral replication and innate immune response. Additionally, we identified basal differences in inflammatory gene expression programs that highlight how CLD alters the inflammatory microenvironment encountered upon viral exposure to the peripheral lung. Our study indicates that CLD is accompanied by changes in cell-type-specific gene expression programs that prime the lung epithelium for and influence the innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T. Bui
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nichelle I. Winters
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mei-I Chung
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Respiratory Medicine NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Arun C. Habermann
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor S. Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonas C. Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergio Poli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lance M. Peter
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chase J. Taylor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica B. Blackburn
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew G. Nicholson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Histopathology, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Doris Rassl
- Pathology Research, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - William A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Pathology, Edinburgh University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R. Gisli Jenkins
- Respiratory Medicine NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
The opportunities for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion are reviewed in the context of projected world energy demands for the twenty-first century. Conventional single-crystal silicon solar cells are facing increasingly strong competition from thin-film solar cells based primarily on polycrystalline absorber materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). However, if PVs are to make a significant contribution to satisfy global energy requirements, issues of sustainability and cost will need to be addressed with increased urgency. There is a clear need to expand the range of materials and processes that is available for thin-film solar cell manufacture, placing particular emphasis on low-energy processing and sustainable non-toxic raw materials. The potential of new materials is exemplified by copper zinc tin sulphide, which is emerging as a viable alternative to the more toxic CdTe and the more expensive CIGS absorber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AU, UK.
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Peter LM, Ammoury A, Chiavassa-Gandois H, Lamant L, Paul CF. Scleromyxoedema with associated peripheral neuropathy: successful treatment with thalidomide. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33:606-10. [PMID: 18477005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Peter
- Department of Dermatology, Purpan Hospital and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Bailes M, Cameron PJ, Lobato K, Peter LM. Determination of the density and energetic distribution of electron traps in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:15429-35. [PMID: 16852957 DOI: 10.1021/jp050822o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron transport and recombination in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSCs) are strongly influenced by the presence of trapping states in the titanium dioxide particles, and collection of photoinjected electrons at the contact can require times ranging from milliseconds to seconds, depending on the illumination intensity. A direct method of determining the density and energetic distribution of the trapping states responsible for slowing electron transport has been developed. It involves extraction of trapped electrons by switching the cell from an open circuit to a short circuit after a period of illumination. An advantage of this charge extraction method is that it is less sensitive than other methods to shunting of the DSC by electron transfer at the conducting glass substrate. Results derived from charge extraction measurements on DSCs (with and without compact TiO(2) blocking layers) are compared with those obtained by analysis of the open circuit photovoltage decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
It is shown that application of the so-called quasi-static approximation greatly simplifies the theoretical treatment of the open circuit photovoltage decay of dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cells (DSCs), since it removes the need to treat the kinetics of trapping and detrapping explicitly and leads to a straightforward analytical solution in the case of an exponential trap distribution. To identify the conditions under which the quasi-static approach is valid, transients calculated using the quasi-static approximation are compared with the results of numerical calculations that treat trapping and detrapping of electrons explicitly. The application of the quasi-static approach to derive the rate constant for the back-reaction of electrons from experimental photovoltage decay data is illustrated for an optimized DSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Lobato K, Peter LM. Direct Measurement of the Temperature Coefficient of the Electron Quasi-Fermi Level in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Using a Titanium Sensor Electrode. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:21920-3. [PMID: 17064159 DOI: 10.1021/jp064538o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of dye-sensitized cell (DSC) with a passivated titanium sensor electrode located on top of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide layer has been used to study the temperature dependence of the electron quasi-Fermi level relative to the I3-/I- redox-Fermi level under short circuit conditions. The results show that the Fermi level decreases with increasing temperature (-1.76 meV K(-1)) as predicted for diffusive electron transport at short circuit. A smaller temperature dependence (-0.25 meV K(-1)) of the position of the TiO2 conduction band relative to the I3-/I- redox-Fermi level was deduced from the shifts in the trap distribution. An expression for the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage, U(photo), has been derived. The experimentally observed temperature dependence of U(photo) gave values of the activation energy (0.25 eV) and preexponential factor (10(8) s(-1)) for the transfer of electrons from the conduction band of the nanocrystalline TiO2 to triiodide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lobato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Lobato K, Peter LM, Würfel U. Direct Measurement of the Internal Electron Quasi-Fermi Level in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Using a Titanium Secondary Electrode. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:16201-4. [PMID: 16913742 DOI: 10.1021/jp063919z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spatial dependence of the electron quasi-Fermi level (QFL) in the interior of dye sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSC) under short circuit conditions can be inferred from calculations based on a diffusive electron transport model. The calculations predict that the difference in the QFL between the electrolyte and contact sides of the TiO(2) layer under short circuit conditions at 1 sun could be as much as 0.5-0.7 eV. The predicted QFL profiles depend on assumptions made about energy positions, electron mobility, and the conduction band density of states. In this work, the position of the QFL at the electrolyte side of the dye sensitized TiO(2) film in a DSC has been measured using a thin passivated titanium contact deposited on top of the nanocrystalline TiO(2) by evaporation. The method allows changes in the electron QFL at all points on the IV characteristic of the cell to be monitored under dark and photostationary conditions. In addition, cells incorporating the titanium electrode can give information about the behavior of the QFL under dynamic conditions.
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Cameron PJ, Peter LM. How Does Back-Reaction at the Conducting Glass Substrate Influence the Dynamic Photovoltage Response of Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells? J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:7392-8. [PMID: 16851846 DOI: 10.1021/jp0407270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSC), the transfer of electrons from the conducting glass substrate to triiodide ions in solution is an important loss mechanism that can be suppressed by using thin compact blocking layers of TiO(2). Whereas back-reaction at the substrate is relatively unimportant under short circuit conditions, it must be taken into account at the maximum power point or at open circuit. The influence of the back-reaction on open circuit photovoltage decay measurements and on intensity modulated photovoltage (IMVS) measurements has been studied by model simulations and by experimental measurements. The simulations demonstrate that reliable information about DSC properties such as trapping distributions can only be derived from transient or periodic photovoltage responses if the back-reaction is suppressed by the use of suitable blocking layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Cass MJ, Walker AB, Martinez D, Peter LM. Grain Morphology and Trapping Effects on Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:5100-7. [PMID: 16863172 DOI: 10.1021/jp047073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the combined effects of grain morphology and electron trapping on the transient response of photoelectrons moving through the TiO2 grains in a dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cell using a multi-time-scale random walk Monte Carlo model. Our use of a multi-time-scale approach enables us to simulate transport for electrons moving through spherical connected grains in a three-dimensional (3D) voided network and look at the effect of the size of interparticle boundaries on carrier dynamics. We can also address similar times to those over which measurements are taken, namely, 0.1 ms. These times are long because of deep traps in the TiO2 grains. The grains have 2-fold connectivity in one dimension (linear chains) or 4-fold or 6-fold connectivity in three dimensions and traps with an exponential distribution of energies. Photoelectrons are generated by a light pulse of short duration. The spatial distribution of the photogenerated electron density from this pulse either has a uniform profile or is peaked on the electrolyte side. We show that the constrictions at the grain necks slow the electrons, making trapping more likely and hence further delaying their passage to the extracting electrode. By comparing our results for 4-fold and 6-fold coordinated particles on a cubic lattice with 2-fold coordinated particles on linear chains, we show that transport is slowed in the former case due to the additional paths available to the electrons in the 3D network. We also find that the charge and current transients cannot be fit to an analytical solution of the continuum equations with an effective diffusion coefficient even at long times. Therefore, caution must be exercised when attempting to fit experimental transient data with an effective diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cass
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Wang RL, Peter LM, Qiu FL, Fisher AC. Hydrodynamic potential-modulated reflectance spectroscopy: theory and experiment. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2282-7. [PMID: 11393853 DOI: 10.1021/ac000791n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development and application of a new electrochemical methodology based on potential-modulated UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy (PMRS). The device configuration is based upon a thin-layer flow-through channel cell incorporating a platinum working electrode. Reagent solutions are pumped through the cell under well-defined hydrodynamic conditions and electrolyzed at the platinum working electrode. Measurements are presented for linear sweep and fixed dc potentials with a superimposed small amplitude sinusoidal potential perturbation. A UV-vis source is employed to irradiate the electrode region, and the resulting reflected signal is analyzed using a phase sensitive detector. Experimental studies using tris(4-bromophenyl) amine (TBPA) in acetonitrile are presented which quantify the relationship between the absorption spectrum and reflected light intensity as a function of the transport rate, electrolysis reactions, and the modulation frequency of the incident irradiation. The experimental results are analyzed using numerical simulations based on a finite difference strategy. These permit the quantitative prediction of the concentration distribution of reagents within the cell. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) routine was used to analyze the frequency response of the numerically predicted reflectance signal. Excellent agreement was observed between the numerical predictions and experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Gilman JM, Hutton R, Hamnett A, Peter LM. Modeling of electrolyte electroreflectance of heavily doped n-type GaAs. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:13453-13461. [PMID: 10005653 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in load-bearing implants as a result of their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, but there is concern over the release of metal ions from the prosthesis. Our research investigated the influence of the surface oxide on the dissolution of the substrate material in saline solution, using a combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy, ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It is demonstrated that a substantial reduction in the release of metal ions may be achieved by ageing the surface oxide in boiling distilled water or by thermal oxidation; this is discussed in terms of the structure of the oxide film.
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Peter LM, Blackwood DJ, Pons S. In situ characterization of the illuminated silicon-electrolyte interface by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 1989; 62:308-311. [PMID: 10040199 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Lewerenz HJ, Stumper J, Peter LM. Deconvolution of charge injection steps in quantum yield multiplication on silicon. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 61:1989-1992. [PMID: 10038950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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