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Schie IW, Placzek F, Knorr F, Cordero E, Wurster LM, Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Hasselager T, Drexler W, Popp J, Leitgeb RA. Morpho-molecular signal correlation between optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy for superior image interpretation and clinical diagnosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9951. [PMID: 33976274 PMCID: PMC8113482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of manifold optical imaging modalities resulting in multimodal optical systems allows to discover a larger number of biomarkers than using a single modality. The goal of multimodal imaging systems is to increase the diagnostic performance through the combination of complementary modalities, e.g. optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The physical signal origins of OCT and RS are distinctly different, i.e. in OCT it is elastic back scattering of photons, due to a change in refractive index, while in RS it is the inelastic scattering between photons and molecules. Despite those diverse characteristics both modalities are also linked via scattering properties and molecular composition of tissue. Here, we investigate for the first time the relation of co-registered OCT and RS signals of human bladder tissue, to demonstrate that the signals of these complementary modalities are inherently intertwined, enabling a direct but more importantly improved interpretation and better understanding of the other modality. This work demonstrates that the benefit for using two complementary imaging approaches is, not only the increased diagnostic value, but the increased information and better understanding of the signal origins of both modalities. This evaluation confirms the advantages for using multimodal imaging systems and also paves the way for significant further improved understanding and clinically interpretation of both modalities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany.
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences-Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Eliana Cordero
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Lara M Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregers G Hermann
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Mogensen
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hasselager
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University, Herlev/Gentofte Hospital, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 23A, 2730, Herlev/Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 / 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Placzek F, Cordero Bautista E, Kretschmer S, Wurster LM, Knorr F, González-Cerdas G, Erkkilä MT, Stein P, Ataman Ç, Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Hasselager T, Andersen PE, Zappe H, Popp J, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Schie IW. Morpho-molecular ex vivo detection and grading of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer using forward imaging probe based multimodal optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2020; 145:1445-1456. [PMID: 31867582 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer affects millions of people worldwide, resulting in significant discomfort to the patient and potential death. Today, cystoscopy is the gold standard for bladder cancer assessment, using white light endoscopy to detect tumor suspected lesion areas, followed by resection of these areas and subsequent histopathological evaluation. Not only does the pathological examination take days, but due to the invasive nature, the performed biopsy can result in significant harm to the patient. Nowadays, optical modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), have proven to detect cancer in real time and can provide more detailed clinical information of a lesion, e.g. its penetration depth (stage) and the differentiation of the cells (grade). In this paper, we present an ex vivo study performed with a combined piezoelectric tube-based OCT-probe and fiber optic RS-probe imaging system that allows large field-of-view imaging of bladder biopsies, using both modalities and co-registered visualization, detection and grading of cancerous bladder lesions. In the present study, 119 examined biopsies were characterized, showing that fiber-optic based OCT provides a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 69% for the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, while RS, on the other hand, provides a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 61% for the grading of low- and high-grade tissues. Moreover, the study shows that a piezoelectric tube-based OCT probe can have significant endurance, suitable for future long-lasting in vivo applications. These results also indicate that combined OCT and RS fiber probe-based characterization offers an exciting possibility for label-free and morpho-chemical optical biopsies for bladder cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wurster LM, Kretschmer S, Jäger J, Placzek F, Ginner L, Drexler W, Ataman Ç, Leitgeb RA, Zappe H. Comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography and narrow-band imaging using a bimodal endoscope. J Biomed Opt 2019; 25:1-5. [PMID: 31562707 PMCID: PMC7010982 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.3.032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present coregistered images of tissue vasculature that allow a direct comparison between the performance of narrow-band imaging (NBI) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Images were generated with a bimodal endomicroscope having a size of 15 × 2.4 × 3.3 3 ( l , w , h ) that combines two imaging channels. The white light imaging channel was used to perform NBI, the current gold standard for endoscopic visualization of vessels. The second channel allowed the simultaneous acquisition of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCTA images, enabling a three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of morphological as well as functional tissue information. In order to obtain 3-D OCT images scanning of the light-transmitting fiber was implemented by a small piezoelectric tube. A field of view of ∼1.1 mm was achieved for both modalities. Under the assumption that OCTA can address current limitations of NBI, their performance was studied and compared during in vivo experiments. The preliminary results show the potential of OCT regarding an improved visualization and localization of vessel beds, which can be beneficial for diagnosis of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Wurster
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Kretschmer
- University of Freiburg, Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Jäger
- University of Freiburg, Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Çağlar Ataman
- University of Freiburg, Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Address all correspondence to Rainer A. Leitgeb, E-mail:
| | - Hans Zappe
- University of Freiburg, Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
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Wurster LM, Shah RN, Placzek F, Kretschmer S, Niederleithner M, Ginner L, Ensher J, Minneman MP, Hoover EE, Zappe H, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Ataman Ç. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography angiography using a forward imaging piezo scanner probe. J Biophotonics 2019. [PMID: 30652423 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.2019.12.issue-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A forward imaging endoscope for optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) featuring a piezoelectric fiber scanner is presented. Imaging is performed with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system incorporating an akinetic light source with a center wavelength of 1300 nm, bandwidth of 90 nm and A-line rate of 173 kHz. The endoscope operates in contact mode to avoid motion artifacts, in particular, beneficial for OCTA measurements, and achieves a transversal resolution of 12 μm in air at a rigid probe size of 4 mm in diameter and 11.3 mm in length. A spiral scan pattern is generated at a scanning frequency of 360 Hz to sample a maximum field of view of 1.3 mm. OCT images of a human finger as well as visualization of microvasculature of the human palm are presented both in two and three dimensions. The combination of morphological tissue contrast with qualitative dynamic blood flow information within this endoscopic imaging approach potentially enables improved early diagnostic capabilities of internal organs for diseases such as bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronak N Shah
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Kretschmer
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Niederleithner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason Ensher
- INSIGHT Photonics Solution, Inc., Lafayette, Colorado
| | | | | | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Çağlar Ataman
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wurster LM, Shah RN, Placzek F, Kretschmer S, Niederleithner M, Ginner L, Ensher J, Minneman MP, Hoover EE, Zappe H, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Ataman Ç. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography angiography using a forward imaging piezo scanner probe. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800382. [PMID: 30652423 PMCID: PMC7065608 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A forward imaging endoscope for optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) featuring a piezoelectric fiber scanner is presented. Imaging is performed with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system incorporating an akinetic light source with a center wavelength of 1300 nm, bandwidth of 90 nm and A-line rate of 173 kHz. The endoscope operates in contact mode to avoid motion artifacts, in particular, beneficial for OCTA measurements, and achieves a transversal resolution of 12 μm in air at a rigid probe size of 4 mm in diameter and 11.3 mm in length. A spiral scan pattern is generated at a scanning frequency of 360 Hz to sample a maximum field of view of 1.3 mm. OCT images of a human finger as well as visualization of microvasculature of the human palm are presented both in two and three dimensions. The combination of morphological tissue contrast with qualitative dynamic blood flow information within this endoscopic imaging approach potentially enables improved early diagnostic capabilities of internal organs for diseases such as bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ronak N. Shah
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Kretschmer
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Niederleithner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jason Ensher
- INSIGHT Photonics Solution, Inc.LafayetteColorado
| | | | | | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Çağlar Ataman
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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6
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Ginner L, Wartak A, Salas M, Augustin M, Niederleithner M, Wurster LM, Leitgeb RA. Synthetic subaperture-based angle-independent Doppler flow measurements using single-beam line field optical coherence tomography in vivo. Opt Lett 2019; 44:967-970. [PMID: 30768032 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a synthetic subaperture-based angle-independent Doppler flow calculation, using a line field spectral domain optical coherence tomography system. The high speed of the system features a high phase stability over the volume, which is necessary to apply synthetic subapertures in the aperture plane. Thus, the flow component for each subaperture can be reconstructed in postprocessing. Capillary phantom and in vivo retinal imaging experiments were performed to validate and demonstrate angle-independent Doppler flow calculation.
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Wurster LM, Ginner L, Kumar A, Salas M, Wartak A, Leitgeb RA. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography with a flexible fiber bundle. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 29900706 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate in vivo endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in the forward direction using a flexible fiber bundle (FB). In comparison to current conventional forward-looking probe schemes, our approach simplifies the endoscope design by avoiding the integration of any beam steering components in the distal probe end due to two-dimensional scanning of a focused light beam over the proximal FB surface. We describe the challenges that arise when OCT imaging with an FB is performed, such as multimoding or cross coupling. The performance of different FBs varying in parameters, such as numerical aperture, core size, core structure, and flexibility, was consequently compared, and image quality degrading artifacts were described in detail. Based on our findings, we propose an optimal FB design for endoscopic OCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Wurster
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Tr, Austria
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Tr, Austria
| | - Andreas Wartak
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Tr, Austria
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8
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Ginner L, Schmoll T, Kumar A, Salas M, Pricoupenko N, Wurster LM, Leitgeb RA. Holographic line field en-face OCT with digital adaptive optics in the retina in vivo. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:472-485. [PMID: 29552387 PMCID: PMC5854052 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high-resolution line field en-face time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using an off-axis holography configuration. Line field en-face OCT produces high speed en-face images at rates of up to 100 Hz. The high frame rate favors good phase stability across the lateral field-of-view which is indispensable for digital adaptive optics (DAO). Human retinal structures are acquired in-vivo with a broadband light source at 840 nm, and line rates of 10 kHz to 100 kHz. Structures of different retinal layers, such as photoreceptors, capillaries, and nerve fibers are visualized with high resolution of 2.8 µm and 5.5 µm in lateral directions. Subaperture based DAO is successfully applied to increase the visibility of cone-photoreceptors and nerve fibers. Furthermore, en-face Doppler OCT maps are generated based on calculating the differential phase shifts between recorded lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nastassia Pricoupenko
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara M. Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Kumar A, Wurster LM, Salas M, Ginner L, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA. In-vivo digital wavefront sensing using swept source OCT. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:3369-3382. [PMID: 28717573 PMCID: PMC5508834 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sub-aperture based digital adaptive optics is demonstrated in a fiber based point scanning optical coherence tomography system using a 1060 nm swept source laser. To detect optical aberrations in-vivo, a small lateral field of view of ~[Formula: see text] is scanned on the sample at a high volume rate of 17 Hz (~1.3 kHz B-scan rate) to avoid any significant lateral and axial motion of the sample, and is used as a "guide star" for the sub-aperture based DAO. The proof of principle is demonstrated using a micro-beads phantom sample, wherein a significant root mean square wavefront error (RMS WFE) of 1.48 waves (> 1[Formula: see text]) is detected. In-vivo aberration measurement with a RMS WFE of 0.33 waves, which is ~5 times higher than the Marechal's criterion of [Formula: see text] waves for the diffraction limited performance, is shown for a human retinal OCT. Attempt has been made to validate the experimental results with the conventional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor within reasonable limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara M. Wurster
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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