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Boniardi G, Turolla A, Fiameni L, Gelmi E, Bontempi E, Canziani R. Phosphorus recovery from a pilot-scale grate furnace: influencing factors beyond wet chemical leaching conditions. Water Sci Technol 2022; 85:2525-2538. [PMID: 35576251 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource going to be exhausted in the future. Sewage sludge ash is a promising secondary raw material due to its high phosphorus content. In this work, the distribution of 19 elements in bottom and cyclone ashes from pilot-scale grate furnace have been monitored to determine the suitability for the phosphorus acid extraction. Moreover, the influence of some parameters beyond wet chemical leaching conditions were investigated. Experimental results showed that bottom ash presented lower contamination in comparison to cyclone ash and low co-dissolution of heavy metals (especially Cr, Pb and Ni), while high phosphorus extraction efficiencies (76-86%) were achieved. High Al content in the bottom ash (9.4%) negatively affected the phosphorus extraction efficiency as well as loss on ignition, while the particle size reduction was necessary for ensuring a suitable contact surface. The typology of precipitating agents did not strongly affect the phosphorus precipitation, while pH was the key parameter. At pH 3.5-5, phosphorus precipitation efficiencies higher than 90% were achieved, with a mean phosphorus content in the recovered material equal to 16-17%, comparable to commercial fertilizers. Instead, the co-precipitation of Fe and Al had a detrimental effect on the recovered material, indicating the need for additional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Boniardi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 21, 20133, Milano, Italy E-mail:
| | - A Turolla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 21, 20133, Milano, Italy E-mail:
| | - L Fiameni
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Gelmi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 21, 20133, Milano, Italy E-mail:
| | - E Bontempi
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Canziani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 21, 20133, Milano, Italy E-mail:
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Boniardi G, Turolla A, Fiameni L, Gelmi E, Malpei F, Bontempi E, Canziani R. Assessment of a simple and replicable procedure for selective phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ashes by wet chemical extraction and precipitation. Chemosphere 2021; 285:131476. [PMID: 34265709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The selective phosphorus recovery by wet chemical extraction and precipitation was assessed at the laboratory scale aiming at identifying a simple and replicable procedure that could be effectively applied to different types of sewage sludge ashes. The experimental work was performed on five samples of sewage sludge ashes, of which three were obtained from muffle-furnace incineration and two from full-scale mono-incineration plants. A single-step extraction procedure has been investigated by applying different operating conditions (type of leaching acid, liquid-to-solid ratio, contact time). Experimental results indicated that phosphorus recovery efficiency varied between 54 and 92% with limited co-dissolution of metals and metalloids, except for arsenic. Operating conditions, sewage sludge ashes characteristics and phosphorus removal processes in the wastewater treatment plant were the main factors affecting phosphorus recovery efficiency. The application of optimal operating conditions (0.2 M sulfuric acid, liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 and contact time of 2 h) resulted in phosphorus recovery from 76 to 92% on four samples. Subsequently, precipitation of phosphorus from acidic leachate was carried out by lime dosing. After filtering and drying, the recovered products presented a P2O5 content between 11.5 and 36.7% dry weight, with a fraction of soluble phosphorus between 75 and 91%, a good percentage for application as fertilizer or animal feed. Since few undesired elements (i.e., As, Cu and Zn) exceeded the limits for fertilizer application (exception was represented by Ni and Pb, which were present at low concentration), an additional purification step may be required. Overall, experimental results highlighted the influence of process parameters on phosphorus recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Boniardi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI), Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Gelmi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Malpei
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI), Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Fiameni L, Fahimi A, Marchesi C, Sorrentino GP, Zanoletti A, Moreira K, Valentim B, Predeanu G, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Phosphorous and Silica Recovery from Rice Husk Poultry Litter Ash: A Sustainability Analysis Using a Zero-Waste Approach. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6297. [PMID: 34771827 PMCID: PMC8585221 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate rocks are a critical resource for the European Union, and alternative sources to assure the future production of a new generation of fertilizers are to be assessed. In this study, a statistical approach, combined with a sustainability evaluation for the recovery of materials from waste containing phosphorus (P), is presented. This work proposes a strategy to recover P and silica (SiO2) from rice husk poultry litter ash (RHPLA). The design of experiment (DoE) method was applied to maximize the P extraction using hydrochloric acid (HCl), with the aim to minimize the contamination that can occur by leachable heavy metals present in RHPLA, such as zinc (Zn). Two independent variables, the molar concentration of the acid, and the liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) between the acid and RHPLA, were used in the experimental design to optimize the operating parameters. The statistical analysis showed that a HCl concentration of 0.34 mol/L and an L/S ratio of 50 are the best conditions to recover P with low Zn contamination. Concerning the SiO2, its content in RHPLA is too low to consider the proposed recovery process as advantageous. However, based on our analysis, this process should be sustainable to recover SiO2 when its content in the starting materials is more than 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Ario Fahimi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Claudio Marchesi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Giampiero Pasquale Sorrentino
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Karen Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (K.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Bruno Valentim
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (K.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Georgeta Predeanu
- Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1, Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Laura Eleonora Depero
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.F.); (A.F.); (C.M.); (G.P.S.); (A.Z.); (L.E.D.)
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Fiameni L, Assi A, Fahimi A, Valentim B, Moreira K, Predeanu G, Slăvescu V, Vasile BŞ, Nicoară AI, Borgese L, Boniardi G, Turolla A, Canziani R, Bontempi E. Simultaneous amorphous silica and phosphorus recovery from rice husk poultry litter ash. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8927-8939. [PMID: 35423396 PMCID: PMC8695335 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The livestock sector is one of the most important sectors of the agricultural economy due to an increase in the demand for animal protein. This increase generates serious waste disposal concerns and has negative environmental consequences. Furthermore, the food production chain needs phosphorus (P), which is listed as a critical raw material due to its high demand and limited availability in Europe. Manure contains large amounts of P and other elements that may be recycled, in the frame of circular economy and "zero waste" principles, and reused as a by-product for fertilizer production and other applications. This paper focuses on the extraction and recovery of amorphous silica from rice husk poultry litter ash. Two different extraction procedures are proposed and compared, and the obtained silica is characterized. This work shows that amorphous silica can be recovered as an almost pure material rendering the residual ash free of P. It also addresses the possibility of more specific phosphorous extraction procedures via acid leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Ahmad Assi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Ario Fahimi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Bruno Valentim
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Karen Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Georgeta Predeanu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies (CPMTE) 1 Polizu St. 011061, Sector 1 Bucharest Romania
| | - Valerica Slăvescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies (CPMTE) 1 Polizu St. 011061, Sector 1 Bucharest Romania
| | - Bogdan Ş Vasile
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials 6 Iuliu Maniu Bdv. 061344, Sector 6 Bucharest Romania
| | - Adrian I Nicoară
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials 6 Iuliu Maniu Bdv. 061344, Sector 6 Bucharest Romania
| | - Laura Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Gaia Boniardi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia Via Branze, 38 25123 Brescia Italy
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Fahimi A, Bilo F, Assi A, Dalipi R, Federici S, Guedes A, Valentim B, Olgun H, Ye G, Bialecka B, Fiameni L, Borgese L, Cathelineau M, Boiron MC, Predeanu G, Bontempi E. Poultry litter ash characterisation and recovery. Waste Manag 2020; 111:10-21. [PMID: 32464522 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a complete characterisation of poultry litter ash and its potential use as a heavy metal stabiliser. We propose a novel approach, in which the ashes deriving from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) are combined with poultry litter ash, rather than with coal combustion flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) residues. Heavy metals stabilisation was demonstrated by comparing the elemental concentrations in the leaching solutions of the starting raw and stabilised materials: leachable Pb and Zn showed a reduced solubility. The characterisation was conducted by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the poultry litter ash was Ca-, P-, K- and S-rich (>29 g/kg). It contained amorphous materials (i.e. fly ash economiser (FAECO) 73% and fly ash cyclone (FACYC) 61%) and soluble phases (e.g. arkanite and sylvite; up to 13% FAECO and 28% FACYC), as well as resilient crystalline (up to 2% of FAECO and FACYC) and amorphous phases (e.g. hydroxyapatite). After two months, the Pb and Zn concentrations in the leachate solutions were below the limit set by the European regulations for waste disposal (<0.2 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively). We propose a mechanism for the heavy metals stabilisation based on the carbonation process and high amounts of P, Ca and reactive amorphous phases. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that poultry litter ash can be an effective secondary source of heavy metals, allowing their immobilisation through P- and Ca-based reactive amorphous phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario Fahimi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabjola Bilo
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ahmad Assi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Rogerta Dalipi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Antonio Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexandra Guedes
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Valentim
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hayati Olgun
- Ege Üniversitesi Güneş Enerjisi Enstitüsü, 119/1, sokak 2, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Guozhu Ye
- Sustainable Process Technology, Swerea MEFOS, Aronstorpsvägen 1, 974 37 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Barbara Bialecka
- Główny Instytut Górnictwa, Central Mining Institute (GIG), plac Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland
| | - Laura Fiameni
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Michel Cathelineau
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources Lab., Campus Aiguillettes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, rue Jacques Callot, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boiron
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources Lab., Campus Aiguillettes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, rue Jacques Callot, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Georgeta Predeanu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-friendly Technologies, 1, Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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