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Nair AS, Jayan AP, Anandu KR, Saiprabha VN, Pappachen LK. Unraveling the prevalence of various signalling pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer: a review. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2875-2890. [PMID: 37014561 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become a huge public health issue all around the world. The focus of research is on innovative cancer therapy techniques that include the disease's unique targets. Among the cancer-related deaths that occur, lung cancer is considered to be one of the major, accounting for about 1.6 million fatalities globally in 2012, or nearly 20% of all cancer deaths. Non-small-cell lung cancer, a type of lung cancer comprises upto 84% of lung cancer cases, demonstrating the need for a more effective treatment. A novel category of cancer management, known as targeted cancer medicines, has risen to prominence in recent years. Targeted cancer treatments, like traditional chemotherapy, employ pharmacological drugs to slow cancer development, enhance cell death, and prevent it from spreading. Targeted treatments, as the name implies, work by interfering with particular proteins implicated in cancer. Numerous research conducted in the last several decades have led to the conclusion that signalling pathways are involved in the growth of lung cancer. All malignant tumours are produced, spread, invade, and behave in various abnormal ways due to abnormal pathways. Numerous significant signalling pathways, including the RTK/RAS/MAP-Kinase pathway (hence often referred to as RTK-RAS for simplicity), PI3K/Akt signalling, and others, have been discovered as commonly genetically changed. The current developments in research on various signalling pathways, as well as the underlying mechanisms of the molecules implicated in these pathways, are innovatively summarised in this review. To give a good sense of the study that has been done so far, many routes are placed together. Thus, this review includes the detailed description regarding each pathways, the mutations formed, and the present treatment strategy to overcome the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ajay P Jayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - K R Anandu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - V N Saiprabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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2
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Benny S, Rajappan Krishnendu P, Kumar S, Bhaskar V, Manisha DS, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Naguib IA, Pappachen LK, Mary Zachariah S, Mathew B, Tp A. A computational investigation of thymidylate synthase inhibitors through a combined approach of 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modelling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37870113 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2270752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a crucial target of cancer drug discovery and is mainly involved in the De novo synthesis of the DNA precursor thymine. In the present study, to generate reliable models and identify a few promising molecules, we combined QSAR modelling with the pharmacophore hypothesis-generating technique. Input molecules were clustered on their similarity, and a cluster of 74 molecules with a pyrimidine moiety was chosen as the set for 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modelling. Atom-based and field-based 3D-QSAR models were generated and statistically validated with R2 > 0.90 and Q2 > 0.75. The common pharmacophore hypothesis(CPH) generation identified the best six-point model ADHRRR. Using these best models, a library of FDA-approved drugs was screened for activity and filtered via molecular docking, ADME profiling, and molecular dynamics simulations. The top ten promising TS-inhibiting candidates were identified, and their chemical features profitable for TS inhibitors were explored.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Prayaga Rajappan Krishnendu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vaishnav Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthi S Manisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subin Mary Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Tp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Krishna A, Kumar S, Sudevan ST, Singh AK, Pappachen LK, Rangarajan TM, Abdelgawad MA, Mathew B. A comprehensive review of the docking studies of chalcone for the development of selective MAO-B inhibitors. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023:CNSNDDT-EPUB-131799. [PMID: 37190818 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230515155000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B is a crucial therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's since they assist in disintegrating neurotransmitters such as dopamine in the brain. Pursuing efficacious monoamine oxidase B inhibitors is a hot topic, as contemporary therapeutic interventions have many shortcomings. Currently available FDA-approved monoamine oxidase inhibitors like safinamide, selegiline and rasagiline also have a variety of side effects like depression and insomnia. In the quest for a potent monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, sizeable, diverse chemical entities have been uncovered, including chalcones. Chalcone is a renowned structural framework that has been intensively explored for its monoamine oxidase B inhibitory activity.The structural resemblance of chalcone (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) based compounds and 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene, a recognized MAO-B inhibitor, accounts for their MAO-B inhibitory activity. Therefore, multiple revisions to the chalcone scaffold have been attempted by the researchers to scrutinize the implications of substitutions onthe molecule's potency. In this work, we outline the docking investigation results of various chalcone analogues with monoamine oxidase B available in the literature until now to understand the interaction modes and influence of substituents. Here we focused on the interactions between reported chalcone derivatives and the active site of monoamine oxidase B and the influence of substitutions on those interactions. Detailed images illustrating the interactions and impact of the substituents or structural modifications on these interactions were used to support the docking results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athulya Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
| | - T M Rangarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682041, India
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Kumar S, Manoharan A, J J, Abdelgawad MA, Mahdi WA, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Pappachen LK, Zachariah SM, Aneesh TP, Mathew B. Correction: Exploiting butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors through a combined 3-D pharmacophore modeling, QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics investigation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10956. [PMID: 37033440 PMCID: PMC10077342 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra90030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D3RA00526G.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - Amritha Manoharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - Jayalakshmi J
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University Sakaka 72341 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Wael A Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University Ad Diriyah 13713 Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - Subin Mary Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - T P Aneesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
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Kumar S, Manoharan A, J J, Abdelgawad MA, Mahdi WA, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Pappachen LK, Zachariah SM, Aneesh TP, Mathew B. Exploiting butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors through a combined 3-D pharmacophore modeling, QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics investigation †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9513-9529. [PMID: 36968055 PMCID: PMC10035067 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00526g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition associated with ageing, can occur. AD gradually impairs memory and cognitive function, which leads to abnormal behavior, incapacity, and reliance. By 2050, there will likely be 100 million cases of AD in the world's population. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition are significant components of AD treatment. This work developed models using the genetic method multiple linear regression, atom-based, field-based, and 3-D pharmacophore modelling. Due to internal and external validation, all of the models have solid statistical (R2 > 0.81 and Q2 > 0.77) underpinnings. From a pre-plated CNS library (6055), we discovered a hit compound using virtual screening on a QSAR model. Through molecular docking, additional hit compounds were investigated (XP mode). Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the Molecule5093-4BDS complex was stable (100 ns). Finally, the expected ADME properties for the hit compounds (Molecule5093, Molecule1076, Molecule4412, Molecule1053, and Molecule3344) were found. According to the results of our investigation and the prospective hit compounds, BuChE inhibitors may be used as a treatment for AD. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition associated with ageing, can occur.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - Amritha Manoharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - Jayalakshmi J
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf UniversitySakaka72341Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-SuefEgypt
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa UniversityAd Diriyah13713Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar UniversityCairo11884Egypt
| | - Leena K. Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - Subin Mary Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - T. P. Aneesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences CampusKochi682 041India
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Bhaskar V, Kumar S, Nair AS, Rajappan KP, Sudevan ST, Parambi DGT, Al-Sehemi AG, Zachariah SM, Pappachen LK. A Review on Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan Complex Biosynthesis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:668-681. [PMID: 35430964 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220415144511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is one of the oldest known infectious diseases to mankind, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although current treatment using first-line anti-tubercular drugs is proven to be effective, an infection caused by resistant strains, as in multidrug-resistant and extensive drug- resistant tuberculosis is still an impending challenge to treat. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to focus on reporting benzimidazole derivatives that are targeting mycobacterial membrane biosynthesis, particularly the mycobacterial mycolyl-arabinogalactanpeptidoglycan complexes. From the literature survey, it has been noted that targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell membrane biosynthesis is an effective approach to fight against drug resistance in tuberculosis. METHODS Articles on benzimidazole derivatives as inhibitors of proteins responsible for the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex have been selected. RESULTS By reviewing the anti-tubercular activity of the reported benzimidazole derivatives, we have concluded that a correlation between benzimidazole derivatives and their biological activity is found. It has been noted that benzimidazole derivatives with substitution at N1, C2, C5, and C6 positions have shown a greater affinity towards target proteins. CONCLUSION Even though scientific advancement toward the prevention of tuberculosis has been quite significant in the past few decades, infection caused by resistant strains is a major concern. We have collected data on benzimidazole derivatives that inhibit the biosynthesis of mycolic acid, arabinogalactan and, peptidoglycan. From our observations, we conclude that majority of the molecules have given anti-tubercular activity in nanomolar range. Still there are few mycobacterial membrane biosynthesis proteins where benzimidazole as an inhibitor has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnav Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Aathira S Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnendu P Rajappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sachithra T Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subin M Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
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Jayan J, Roshi H, Ashraf FFP, Nair PG, Vijayakumar A, Nair AS, Pappachen LK, Abdelgawad MA, Parambi DGT, Aleya L, Mathew B. Effects of radiation exposure on brain health: a state of the art and new challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:87068-87081. [PMID: 36308656 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Good brain health refers to a condition in which a person may fully realize their talents and improve their psychological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning to cope with life's challenges. Various causes of CNS diseases are now being investigated. Radiation is one of the factors that affects the brain and causes a variety of problems. The emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles via space or a material medium is known as radiation. Particle beams and electromagnetic waves are two types of ionizing radiation that have the potential to ionize atoms in a material (separating them into positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons). Radiation to the CNS can induce delayed puberty, which can lead to hyperprolactinemia, and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis can lead to gonadotropin deficit if the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is involved in the radiation field. Ionizing radiation is the most common kind of radiation. Here, we focus on the different effects of radiation on brain health. In this article, we will look at a variety of CNS diseases and how radiation affects each one, as well as how it affects the brain's numerous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Jayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Harsha Roshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Fathima Farzana Perumbilly Ashraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Parvathy G Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Aparna Vijayakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India.
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Della Grace Thomas Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, CNRS6249, Besancon, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India.
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Arjun B, Krishnendu PR, Zachariah SM, Pappachen LK. Assessment of COVID-19 treatment advised in different ethnic populations. Curr Drug Saf 2021; 17:90-99. [PMID: 34323192 DOI: 10.2174/1574886316666210728111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The virus is an infective specialist that regularly comprises a nucleic corrosive atom in a protein coat that is too little to even think about being seen by light microscopy and can multiplicate inside the living cells of a host. COVID is a gathering of infections that can cause disease, for instance, the essential basic cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Numerous individuals debased with the COVID-19 contamination will experience smooth coordination respiratory disease and recover without requiring the common treatment. More prepared people and those with concealed clinical issues like cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, diligent respiratory contamination will undoubtedly make certified illness. The COVID-19 disease spreads generally through dabs of spit or delivery from the nose when a debased individual hacks or sneezes, so it is critical that you in like manner practice respiratory conduct (for example, by hacking into a flexed elbow). In 2019, another contamination perceived in china specifically novel COVID disease 2019 (COVID-19) was found, and on the 11th of March 2020, COVID-19 was depicted as a pandemic sickness by the World Health Organization which is rapidly stretching out to 194 countries that incorporate Europe, North America, Asia, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. The best way to deal with thwart and ruin transmission is to be instructed about the COVID-19 contamination, the illness it causes, and how it spreads. In this survey, we are endeavoring to focus on the drugs that are used for COVID19 and their segment of movement at present chose by different nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arjun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi- 682041, Kerala , India
| | - P R Krishnendu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi- 682041, Kerala, India
| | - S M Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi- 682041, Kerala , India
| | - L K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi- 682041, Kerala, India
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Nair AS, Oh JM, Koyiparambath VP, Kumar S, Sudevan ST, Soremekun O, Soliman ME, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, Pappachen LK, Mathew B, Kim H. Development of Halogenated Pyrazolines as Selective Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors: Deciphering via Molecular Dynamics Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113264. [PMID: 34071665 PMCID: PMC8198649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogens have been reported to play a major role in the inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO), relating to diverse cognitive functions of the central nervous system. Pyrazoline/halogenated pyrazolines were investigated for their inhibitory activities against human monoamine oxidase-A and -B. Halogen substitutions on the phenyl ring located at the fifth position of pyrazoline showed potent MAO-B inhibition. Compound 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (EH7) showed the highest potency against MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.063 µM. The potencies against MAO-B were increased in the order of –F (in EH7) > –Cl (EH6) > –Br (EH8) > –H (EH1). The residual activities of most compounds for MAO-A were > 50% at 10 µM, except for EH7 and EH8 (IC50 = 8.38 and 4.31 µM, respectively). EH7 showed the highest selectivity index (SI) value of 133.0 for MAO-B, followed by EH6 at > 55.8. EH7 was a reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAO-B in kinetic and reversibility experiments with a Ki value of 0.034 ± 0.0067 µM. The molecular dynamics study documented that EH7 had a good binding affinity and motional movement within the active site with high stability. It was observed by MM-PBSA that the chirality had little effect on the overall binding of EH7 to MAO-B. Thus, EH7 can be employed for the development of lead molecules for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Jong-Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Vishal Payyalot Koyiparambath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Opeyemi Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (O.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Mahmoud E. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (O.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box-11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Leena K. Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.K.P.); or (B.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682 041, India; (A.S.N.); (V.P.K.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.K.P.); or (B.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence: (L.K.P.); or (B.M.); (H.K.)
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