Regulation of HIF-1 by MicroRNAs in Various Cardiovascular Diseases

Today, we see an increase in death due to cardiovascular diseases all over the world, which has a lot to do with the regulation of oxygen homeostasis. Also, hypoxia-inducing factor 1 (HIF-1) is considered a vital factor in hypoxia and its physiological and pathological changes. HIF- 1 is involved in cellular activities, including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death in endothelial cells (ECs) and cardiomyocytes. Similar to HIF-1α, which acts as a protective element against various diseases in the cardiovascular system, the protective role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has also been proved using animal models. The number of miRNAs identified in the regulation of gene expression responsive to hypoxia and the importance of investigating the involvement of the non-coding genome in cardiovascular diseases is increasing, which shows the issue's importance. In this study, the molecular regulation of HIF-1 by miRNAs is considered to improve therapeutic approaches in clinical diagnoses of cardiovascular diseases.

CRISPR/Cas9 Tool for MicroRNAs Editing in Cardiac Development, Function, and Disease

CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful gene-editing technology. Extensive scientific data exist that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can target small, non-coding, active RNA molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs have been recognized as key regulators of different cell biological processes, such as the modulation of fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the regulation of cardiomyocytes. Also, it has been demonstrated that miRNAs strongly affect organ evolution, and that the concentration of miRNAs can involve the differentiation, development, and function of different organs. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that miRNAs can select and control their targets based on their concentrations. CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology is a stronger system for stopping miRNAs than previous methods, including antisense inhibitors. CRISPR/Cas9 tools can be used to eliminate small areas of DNA and determine miRNA in cases where similar groups of miRNAs are in the same strand. Herein, besides other emerging strategies, we critically summarize the recent investigations linking miRNA-targeted therapeutics and CRISPR/Cas9 system to clarify and combine different delivery platforms and cell-fate engineering of miRNAs function and miRNA-based therapeutic intervention in cardiac development, function, and disease. Based on our findings from the literature, it appears that the use of the CRISPR/Cas technology provides new perspectives for understanding the molecular mechanism of cardiovascular disease and can be effective in treating and controlling cardiac development, function, and disease in the future.

Potential Roles of MyomiRs in Cardiac Development and Related Diseases

Muscle-specific miRNAs, which are known as MyomiRs, are crucial regulatory elements for cardiovascular development. MyomiRs are abundantly expressed in the myocardium and regulate certain aspects of physiological and pathological processes in myocardiocytes, including cardiovascular development, myocardial remodeling, and arise for cardiovascular diseases through different mechanisms, such as epigenetic pathways. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the myomiRs as promising diagnostic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cardiac disorders. In this review, we have summarized recent findings in the field of epigenetic modulations of myomiRs and cardiac regeneration associated with cardiac diseases.