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Koetzier LR, Mastrodicasa D, Szczykutowicz TP, van der Werf NR, Wang AS, Sandfort V, van der Molen AJ, Fleischmann D, Willemink MJ. Deep Learning Image Reconstruction for CT: Technical Principles and Clinical Prospects. Radiology 2023; 306:e221257. [PMID: 36719287 PMCID: PMC9968777 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Filtered back projection (FBP) has been the standard CT image reconstruction method for 4 decades. A simple, fast, and reliable technique, FBP has delivered high-quality images in several clinical applications. However, with faster and more advanced CT scanners, FBP has become increasingly obsolete. Higher image noise and more artifacts are especially noticeable in lower-dose CT imaging using FBP. This performance gap was partly addressed by model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). Yet, its "plastic" image appearance and long reconstruction times have limited widespread application. Hybrid iterative reconstruction partially addressed these limitations by blending FBP with MBIR and is currently the state-of-the-art reconstruction technique. In the past 5 years, deep learning reconstruction (DLR) techniques have become increasingly popular. DLR uses artificial intelligence to reconstruct high-quality images from lower-dose CT faster than MBIR. However, the performance of DLR algorithms relies on the quality of data used for model training. Higher-quality training data will become available with photon-counting CT scanners. At the same time, spectral data would greatly benefit from the computational abilities of DLR. This review presents an overview of the principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications of DLR, including metal artifact reduction algorithms. In addition, emerging applications and prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy P. Szczykutowicz
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Niels R. van der Werf
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Adam S. Wang
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Veit Sandfort
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Aart J. van der Molen
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Dominik Fleischmann
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Martin J. Willemink
- From the Department of Radiology (L.R.K., D.M., A.S.W., V.S., D.F.,
M.J.W.) and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.M., D.F., M.J.W.), Stanford
University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5105;
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (T.P.S.); Department of Radiology,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.); Clinical
Science Western Europe, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands (N.R.v.d.W.);
and Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (A.J.v.d.M.)
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