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Arciniega H, Baucom ZH, Tuz-Zahra F, Tripodis Y, John O, Carrington H, Kim N, Knyazhanskaya EE, Jung LB, Breedlove K, Wiegand TLT, Daneshvar DH, Rushmore RJ, Billah T, Pasternak O, Coleman MJ, Adler CH, Bernick C, Balcer LJ, Alosco ML, Koerte IK, Lin AP, Cummings JL, Reiman EM, Stern RA, Shenton ME, Bouix S. Brain morphometry in former American football players: Findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE research project. Brain 2024:awae098. [PMID: 38533783 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) in contact sports is associated with neurodegenerative disorders including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) which currently can be diagnosed only at postmortem. American football players are at higher risk of developing CTE given their exposure to RHIs. One promising approach for diagnosing CTE in vivo is to explore known neuropathological abnormalities at postmortem in living individuals using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI brain morphometry was evaluated in 170 male former American football players ages 45-74 years (n = 114 professional; n = 56 college) and 54 same-age unexposed asymptomatic male controls (n = 58 age range 45-74). Cortical thickness and volume of regions of interest were selected based on established CTE pathology findings and were assessed using FreeSurfer. Group differences and interactions with age and exposure factors were evaluated using a generalized least squares model. A separate logistic regression and independent multinomial model were performed to predict each Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome (TES) diagnosis core clinical features and provisional level of certainty for CTE pathology using brain regions of interest. Former college and professional American football players (combined) showed significant cortical thickness and/or volume reductions compared to unexposed asymptomatic controls in the hippocampus amygdala entorhinal cortex parahippocampal gyrus insula temporal pole and superior frontal gyrus. Post-hoc analyses identified group-level differences between former professional players and unexposed asymptomatic controls in the hippocampus amygdala entorhinal cortex parahippocampal gyrus insula and superior frontal gyrus. Former college players showed significant volume reductions in the hippocampus amygdala and superior frontal gyrus compared to the unexposed asymptomatic controls. We did not observe age-by-group interactions for brain morphometric measures. Interactions between morphometry and exposure measures were limited to a single significant positive association between the age of first exposure to organized tackle football and right insular volume. We found no significant relationship between brain morphometric measures and the TES diagnosis core clinical features and provisional level of certainty for CTE pathology outcomes. These findings suggest that MRI morphometrics detects abnormalities in individuals with a history of RHI exposure that resemble the anatomic distribution of pathological findings from postmortem CTE studies. The lack of findings associating MRI measures with exposure metrics (except for one significant relationship) or TES diagnosis and core clinical features suggests that brain morphometry must be complemented by other types of measures to characterize individuals with RHIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Arciniega
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Concussion Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zachary H Baucom
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Fatima Tuz-Zahra
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Omar John
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Concussion Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holly Carrington
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - Nicholas Kim
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - Evdokiya E Knyazhanskaya
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - Leonard B Jung
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Katherine Breedlove
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tim L T Wiegand
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Daniel H Daneshvar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - R Jarrett Rushmore
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tashrif Billah
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael J Coleman
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Charles Bernick
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Laura J Balcer
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY,10017, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Pam Quirk Brain Health and Biomarker Laboratory, Department of Brain Health School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute and Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02145, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology, École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
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Pankatz L, Rojczyk P, Seitz-Holland J, Bouix S, Jung LB, Wiegand TLT, Bonke EM, Sollmann N, Kaufmann E, Carrington H, Puri T, Rathi Y, Coleman MJ, Pasternak O, George MS, McAllister TW, Zafonte R, Stein MB, Marx CE, Shenton ME, Koerte IK. Adverse Outcome Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated with Microstructure Alterations at the Gray and White Matter Boundary. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5415. [PMID: 37629457 PMCID: PMC10455493 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gray matter/white matter (GM/WM) boundary of the brain is vulnerable to shear strain associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It is, however, unknown whether GM/WM microstructure is associated with long-term outcomes following mTBI. The diffusion and structural MRI data of 278 participants between 18 and 65 years of age with and without military background from the Department of Defense INTRuST study were analyzed. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was extracted at the GM/WM boundary across the brain and for each lobe. Additionally, two conventional analytic approaches were used: whole-brain deep WM FA (TBSS) and whole-brain cortical thickness (FreeSurfer). ANCOVAs were applied to assess differences between the mTBI cohort (n = 147) and the comparison cohort (n = 131). Associations between imaging features and post-concussive symptom severity, and functional and cognitive impairment were investigated using partial correlations while controlling for mental health comorbidities that are particularly common among military cohorts and were present in both the mTBI and comparison group. Findings revealed significantly lower whole-brain and lobe-specific GM/WM boundary FA (p < 0.011), and deep WM FA (p = 0.001) in the mTBI cohort. Whole-brain and lobe-specific GM/WM boundary FA was significantly negatively correlated with post-concussive symptoms (p < 0.039), functional (p < 0.016), and cognitive impairment (p < 0.049). Deep WM FA was associated with functional impairment (p = 0.002). Finally, no significant difference was observed in cortical thickness, nor between cortical thickness and outcome (p > 0.05). Findings from this study suggest that microstructural alterations at the GM/WM boundary may be sensitive markers of adverse long-term outcomes following mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pankatz
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Philine Rojczyk
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Seitz-Holland
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- Département de génie logiciel et TI, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Leonard B. Jung
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim L. T. Wiegand
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elena M. Bonke
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaufmann
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Holly Carrington
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- Brain Injury Research Center of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Twishi Puri
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Michael J. Coleman
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark S. George
- Psychiatry Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Thomas W. McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Ross Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Christine E. Marx
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center (MIRECC) and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Inga K. Koerte
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA 02145, USA; (L.P.); (P.R.); (J.S.-H.); (S.B.); (L.B.J.); (T.L.T.W.); (E.M.B.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (H.C.); (T.P.); (Y.R.); (M.J.C.); (O.P.); (M.E.S.)
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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B. Jung L, A. Gudera J, L. T. Wiegand* T, Allmendinger S, Dimitriadis K, K. Koerte I. ChatGPT Passes German State Examination in Medicine With Picture Questions Omitted. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2023; 120:373-374. [PMID: 37530052 PMCID: PMC10413971 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B. Jung
- * The authors share joint first authorship
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
| | - Jonas A. Gudera
- * The authors share joint first authorship
- LMU AIM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Gudera, Wiegand)
- Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Gudera)
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children‘s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Gudera)
| | - Tim L. T. Wiegand*
- * The authors share joint first authorship
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
- LMU AIM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Gudera, Wiegand)
| | | | - Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Neurological Clinic and Policlinic, Großhadern Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Dimitriadis)
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
| | - Inga K. Koerte
- * The authors share joint first authorship
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Jung, Wiegand, Koerte)
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Koerte)
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Koerte)
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