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Math BA, Waibl F, Lamp LM, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies. Proteins 2023; 91:1316-1328. [PMID: 37376973 PMCID: PMC10952579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Math
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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2
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Rocha REO, Mariano DCB, Almeida TS, CorrêaCosta LS, Fischer PHC, Santos LH, Caffarena ER, da Silveira CH, Lamp LM, Fernandez-Quintero ML, Liedl KR, de Melo-Minardi RC, de Lima LHF. Thermostabilizing mechanisms of canonical single amino acid substitutions at a GH1 β-glucosidase probed by multiple MD and computational approaches. Proteins 2023; 91:218-236. [PMID: 36114781 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
β-glucosidases play a pivotal role in second-generation biofuel (2G-biofuel) production. For this application, thermostable enzymes are essential due to the denaturing conditions on the bioreactors. Random amino acid substitutions have originated new thermostable β-glucosidases, but without a clear understanding of their molecular mechanisms. Here, we probe by different molecular dynamics simulation approaches with distinct force fields and submitting the results to various computational analyses, the molecular bases of the thermostabilization of the Paenibacillus polymyxa GH1 β-glucosidase by two-point mutations E96K (TR1) and M416I (TR2). Equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations (eMD) at different temperatures, principal component analysis (PCA), virtual docking, metadynamics (MetaDy), accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD), Poisson-Boltzmann surface analysis, grid inhomogeneous solvation theory and colony method estimation of conformational entropy allow to converge to the idea that the stabilization carried by both substitutions depend on different contributions of three classic mechanisms: (i) electrostatic surface stabilization; (ii) efficient isolation of the hydrophobic core from the solvent, with energetic advantages at the solvation cap; (iii) higher distribution of the protein dynamics at the mobile active site loops than at the protein core, with functional and entropic advantages. Mechanisms i and ii predominate for TR1, while in TR2, mechanism iii is dominant. Loop A integrity and loops A, C, D, and E dynamics play critical roles in such mechanisms. Comparison of the dynamic and topological changes observed between the thermostable mutants and the wildtype protein with amino acid co-evolutive networks and thermostabilizing hotspots from the literature allow inferring that the mechanisms here recovered can be related to the thermostability obtained by different substitutions along the whole family GH1. We hope the results and insights discussed here can be helpful for future rational approaches to the engineering of optimized β-glucosidases for 2G-biofuel production for industry, biotechnology, and science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Eduardo Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics (LAMMB), Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego César Batista Mariano
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Silva Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics (LAMMB), Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Leon Sulfierry CorrêaCosta
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics (LAMMB), Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.,Computational Modeling Coordination (COMOD), Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Camargo Fischer
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics (LAMMB), Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Lucianna Helene Santos
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonida M Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Innsbruck (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica Lisa Fernandez-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Innsbruck (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Roman Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Innsbruck (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raquel Cardoso de Melo-Minardi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique França de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics (LAMMB), Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.,Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Innsbruck (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Hohenwallner K, Troppmair N, Panzenboeck L, Kasper C, El Abiead Y, Koellensperger G, Lamp LM, Hartler J, Egger D, Rampler E. Decoding Distinct Ganglioside Patterns of Native and Differentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells by a Novel Glycolipidomics Profiling Strategy. JACS Au 2022; 2:2466-2480. [PMID: 36465531 PMCID: PMC9709940 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are an indispensable glycolipid class concentrated on cell surfaces with a critical role in stem cell differentiation. Nonetheless, owing to the lack of suitable methods for scalable analysis covering the full scope of ganglioside molecular diversity, their mechanistic properties in signaling and differentiation remain undiscovered to a large extent. This work introduces a sensitive and comprehensive ganglioside assay based on liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and multistage fragmentation. Complemented by an open-source data evaluation workflow, we provide automated in-depth lipid species-level and molecular species-level annotation based on decision rule sets for all major ganglioside classes. Compared to conventional state-of-the-art methods, the presented ganglioside assay offers (1) increased sensitivity, (2) superior structural elucidation, and (3) the possibility to detect novel ganglioside species. A major reason for the highly improved sensitivity is the optimized spectral readout based on the unique capability of two parallelizable mass analyzers for multistage fragmentation. We demonstrated the high-throughput universal capability of our novel analytical strategy by identifying 254 ganglioside species. As a proof of concept, 137 unique gangliosides were annotated in native and differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells including 78 potential cell-state-specific markers and 38 previously unreported gangliosides. A general increase of the ganglioside numbers upon differentiation was observed as well as cell-state-specific clustering based on the ganglioside species patterns. The combination of the developed glycolipidomics assay with the extended automated annotation tool enables comprehensive in-depth ganglioside characterization as shown on biological samples of interest. Our results suggest ganglioside patterns as a promising quality control tool for stem cells and their differentiation products. Additionally, we believe that our analytical workflow paves the way for probing glycolipid-based biochemical processes shedding light on the enigmatic processes of gangliosides and glycolipids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hohenwallner
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nina Troppmair
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lisa Panzenboeck
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Yasin El Abiead
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jürgen Hartler
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University
of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute
of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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4
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Fernández‐Quintero ML, Hoerschinger VJ, Lamp LM, Bujotzek A, Georges G, Liedl KR. V H -V L interdomain dynamics observed by computer simulations and NMR. Proteins 2020; 88:830-839. [PMID: 31904133 PMCID: PMC7317758 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The relative orientation of the two variable domains, VH and VL , influences the shape of the antigen binding site, that is, the paratope, and is essential to understand antigen specificity. ABangle characterizes the VH -VL orientation by using five angles and a distance and compares it to other known structures. Molecular dynamics simulations of antibody variable domains (Fvs) reveal fluctuations in the relative domain orientations. The observed dynamics between these domains are confirmed by NMR experiments on a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) in complex with IL-1β and an antigen-binding fragment (Fab). The variability of these relative domain orientations can be interpreted as a structural feature of antibodies, which increases the antibody repertoire significantly and can enlarge the number of possible binding partners substantially. The movements of the VH and VL domains are well sampled with molecular dynamics simulations and are in agreement with the NMR ensemble. Fast Fourier transformation of the ABangle metrics allows to assign timescales of 0.1-10 GHz to the fastest collective interdomain movements. The results clearly show the necessity of dynamics to understand and characterize the favorable orientations of the VH and VL domains implying a considerable binding interface flexibility and reveal in all antibody fragments (Fab, scFv, and Fv) very similar VH -VL interdomain variations comparable to the distributions observed for known X-ray structures of antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antibodies have become key players as therapeutic agents. The binding ability of antibodies is determined by the antigen-binding fragment (Fab), in particular the variable fragment region (Fv). Antigen-binding is mediated by the complementarity-determining regions consisting of six loops, each three of the heavy and light chain variable domain VH and VL . The relative orientation of the VH and VL domains influences the shape of the antigen-binding site and is a major objective in antibody design. In agreement with NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we show a considerable binding site flexibility in the low nanosecond timescale. Thus we suggest that this flexibility and its implications for binding and specificity should be considered when designing and optimizing therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrainAustria
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrainAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrainAustria
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early DevelopmentLarge Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center MunichPenzbergGermany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early DevelopmentLarge Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center MunichPenzbergGermany
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrainAustria
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