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Riedo-Grimaudo V, Pillatsch L, Whitby J, Liu M, Broekmann P. Imaging of Light Elements at the Nanometer Scale using fibTOF. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:756-757. [PMID: 37613448 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
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Jurczyk J, Pillatsch L, Berger L, Priebe A, Madajska K, Kapusta C, Szymańska IB, Michler J, Utke I. In Situ Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Ionic Fragments Induced by Focused Electron Beam Irradiation: Investigation of Electron Driven Surface Chemistry inside an SEM under High Vacuum. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:2710. [PMID: 35957140 PMCID: PMC9370286 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanoprinting using focused electron beams have created a need to develop analysis methods for the products of electron-induced fragmentation of different metalorganic compounds. The original approach used here is termed focused-electron-beam-induced mass spectrometry (FEBiMS). FEBiMS enables the investigation of the fragmentation of electron-sensitive materials during irradiation within the typical primary electron beam energy range of a scanning electron microscope (0.5 to 30 keV) and high vacuum range. The method combines a typical scanning electron microscope with an ion-extractor-coupled mass spectrometer setup collecting the charged fragments generated by the focused electron beam when impinging on the substrate material. The FEBiMS of fragments obtained during 10 keV electron irradiation of grains of silver and copper carboxylates and shows that the carboxylate ligand dissociates into many smaller volatile fragments. Furthermore, in situ FEBiMS was performed on carbonyls of ruthenium (solid) and during electron-beam-induced deposition, using tungsten carbonyl (inserted via a gas injection system). Loss of carbonyl ligands was identified as the main channel of dissociation for electron irradiation of these carbonyl compounds. The presented results clearly indicate that FEBiMS analysis can be expanded to organic, inorganic, and metal organic materials used in resist lithography, ice (cryo-)lithography, and focused-electron-beam-induced deposition and becomes, thus, a valuable versatile analysis tool to study both fundamental and process parameters in these nanotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jurczyk
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lex Pillatsch
- TOFWERK AG, Schorenstrasse 39, CH-3645 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Berger
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Madajska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Czesław Kapusta
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona B. Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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Pillatsch L, Kalácska S, Maeder X, Michler J. In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Depth-Corrected Three-Dimensional Focused Ion Beam Based Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy: Spatial Resolution, Surface Roughness, Oxidation. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:65-73. [PMID: 33222706 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-known tool for studying surface roughness and to collect depth information about features on the top atomic layers of samples. By combining secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with focused ion beam (FIB) milling in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), chemical information of sputtered structures can be visualized and located with high lateral and depth resolution. In this paper, a high vacuum (HV) compatible AFM was installed in a TESCAN FIB-SEM instrument that was equipped with a time-of-flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) detector. To calibrate the sputtering rate and measure the induced roughness caused by the ToF-SIMS analysis, subsequent AFM measurements were performed on an inorganic multilayer vertical cavity surface-emitting laser sample. Normalized sputtering rates were used to aid the accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of the sputtered volume's chemical composition. Achievable resolution, surface roughness during sputtering, and surface oxidation issues were analyzed. The integration of complementary detectors opens up the ability to determine the sample properties as well as to understand the influence of the Ga+ ion sputtering method on the sample surface during the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lex Pillatsch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun CH-3602, Switzerland
- TOFWERK AG., Thun CH-3600, Switzerland
| | - Szilvia Kalácska
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Maeder
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun CH-3602, Switzerland
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Bärtsch M, Sarnowska M, Krysiak O, Willa C, Huber C, Pillatsch L, Reinhard S, Niederberger M. Multicomposite Nanostructured Hematite-Titania Photoanodes with Improved Oxygen Evolution: The Role of the Oxygen Evolution Catalyst. ACS Omega 2017; 2:4531-4539. [PMID: 31457745 PMCID: PMC6641740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a sol-gel processed hematite-titania-based photoanode, which exhibits a photocurrent of up to 2.5 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW/cm2) thanks to the addition of an amorphous cocatalyst with the nominal composition Fe20Cr40Ni40O x . To unveil the role of the cocatalyst interconnected to the photoanode, we performed impedance measurements. According to the one order of magnitude higher value for the capacitance associated with surface states (C SS) compared to the bare photoanode, the function of the catalyst-photoanode interface resembles that of a p-n-like junction. In addition, the charge transfer resistance associated with charge transfer processes from surface states (R ct,ss) was unchanged at potentials between 0.8 and 1.1 VRHE after adding the cocatalyst, indicating that the catalyst has a negligible effect on the hole transport to the electrolyte. The understanding of the role of oxygen evolution catalysts (OECs) in conjunction with the photoanodes is particularly important for water splitting because most OECs are studied separately at considerably higher potentials compared to the potentials at which photoanode materials are operated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bärtsch
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Sarnowska
- Centre
of New Technologies (CeNT), University of
Warsaw, Żwirki
i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Krysiak
- Centre
of New Technologies (CeNT), University of
Warsaw, Żwirki
i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christoph Willa
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Huber
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lex Pillatsch
- Laboratory
for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Reinhard
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pillatsch
- Department of Science and Analysis of Materials; Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann; 41, rue du Brill; L-4422; Belvaux; Luxembourg
| | - T. Wirtz
- Department of Science and Analysis of Materials; Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann; 41, rue du Brill; L-4422; Belvaux; Luxembourg
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