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Bettlach CLR, Skladman R, Gibson E, Daines JM, Payne ER, Vuong LN, Merrill CM, Pet MA. Patient-Reported Mental Health Outcomes After Single-Digit Non-thumb Traumatic Amputation in Adults. Eplasty 2023; 23:e67. [PMID: 38229962 PMCID: PMC10790135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Though traumatic digital amputations are common, outcomes data are scarce. The FRANCHISE study clarified functional outcomes after digital amputation, but little information is available regarding mental health outcomes. The aims of this study were to document patient-reported mental health outcomes after traumatic digital amputation, elucidate the relationship between mental health and functional outcomes, and determine which patient/injury attributes conferred risk of unfavorable mental health outcomes. Methods This was a descriptive, retrospective study of 77 patients with history of single digit, non-thumb traumatic amputation. Eligible patients completed Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Upper Extremity, Pain Interference, Anger, Anxiety, and Depression computer adaptive tests, and a short questionnaire recorded handedness, demographics, and worker's compensation status. Results Correlation across the 3 PROMIS mental health domains (Anger, Anxiety, Depression) was uniformly strong and statistically significant. Correlation between the PROMIS mental health and functional (Upper Extremity and Pain Interference) scores was statistically significant but much weaker. Multivariable analysis revealed younger age and a worker's compensation claim had independent statistically significant predictive value for worse PROMIS Anger, Anxiety, and Depression scores. Female sex was also found to independently predict PROMIS Anxiety. Conclusions By identifying patients at increased risk for feelings of anger, anxiety, and depression after digital amputation, anticipatory counseling can be provided. Anger, anxiety, and depression are very likely to coexist in the same patient; when responding to a patient who exhibits 1 element of this triad, the surgeon should be aware that the other 2 elements are likely to be present, even if not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Roth Bettlach
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Rachel Skladman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Ella Gibson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - John M Daines
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Emma R Payne
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linh N Vuong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Corrine M Merrill
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitchell A Pet
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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Bettlach CR, Gibson E, Daines JM, Payne ER, Vuong LN, Merrill CM, Pet MA. The stigma of digital amputation: a survey of amputees with analysis of risk factors. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:461-468. [PMID: 34496665 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211044642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the stigma associated with digital amputation and examine factors associated with it. One hundred and sixty-four digital amputees completed the Neurological Quality of Life-Stigma questionnaire and a battery of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System instruments. Multivariable analysis examined factors associated with stigma experience. The mean observed stigma score of 47 (SD 8, range 36-64) was similar to the mean value of the normal population. Younger age, a worker's compensation claim and depression were each independently associated with a more severe experience of stigma after digital amputation. Socioeconomic variables, anatomical details and mechanism of injury were not independently associated with stigma. Digital amputation is not highly stigmatizing overall. Surgeons should consider referring at-risk patients to a mental health provider for support during the coping and adjustment process after amputation.Level of evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Roth Bettlach
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ella Gibson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Daines
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma R Payne
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linh N Vuong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Corinne M Merrill
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell A Pet
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Jain NS, Vuong LN, Hickman LB, Chin P, Hill EJR, Buck D, Festekjian JH. Using the modified frailty index to predict negative outcomes in free-flap breast reconstruction: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Project-based study. Microsurgery 2021; 41:709-715. [PMID: 34533855 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-mastectomy free-flap breast reconstruction is becoming increasingly common in the United States. However, predicting which patients may suffer complications remains challenging. We sought to apply the validated modified frailty index (mFI) to free-flap breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients and determine its utility in predicting negative outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study using National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP). All patients who had a CPT code of 19364, indicative of free tissue transfer for breast cancer reconstruction, were included. Data on preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were collected. Patients were separated based on the number of mFI factors present into three categories: 0, 1, and > 2 factors. Preoperative demographics, clinical status, and other comorbidities were also studied. Negative outcomes were compared using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 11,852 patients (mean age 50.9 ± 9.5) were found; 24.2% had complications, comparable to previous literature. mFI is predictive of all types of negative outcomes. 22.5% of all patients with 0 mFI, 27.7% of patients with 1 mFI and 34.2% of patients with at least two mFI had a negative outcome. The most common factors contributing to the mFI were history of hypertension (24.8%) and diabetes (6.1%). mFI was found to be an isolated risk factor for negative outcomes, along with steroid use, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, body mass index, and immediate, and bilateral operations. CONCLUSIONS This NSQIP-based study for patients undergoing free flap breast reconstruction shows that the mFI holds predictive value regarding negative outcomes. This provides more information to properly counsel patients before free flap breast reconstruction surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirbhay S Jain
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linh N Vuong
- Divison of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - L Brian Hickman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick Chin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elspeth J R Hill
- Divison of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Donald Buck
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaco H Festekjian
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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García-Basterra I, García-Ben A, Ríus-Díaz F, González-Gómez A, Hedges TR, Vuong LN, García-Campos JM. Prospective analysis of macular and optic disc changes after non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Fr Ophtalmol 2019; 43:35-42. [PMID: 31706462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively analyse macular and optic disc changes after the occurrence of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and study possible predictors of final visual outcome. METHODS Patients with NAION underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve head. The examination was repeated 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after onset. Final visual prognosis was evaluated by visual field (VF) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final visit. Data within the NAION group were analysed over the course of the disease and compared to a disease-free control group at each visit. RESULTS Twenty-two eyes with NAION and 43 eyes from a control group were included. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was significantly thicker in NAION eyes than controls at presentation (P=0.00), and significantly decreased during the next 3 months after presentation (P=0.02). The ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was thinner in the NAION group throughout the course of the disease (all P<0.05). Although the acute NAION eyes had significantly lower cup/disc ratios and higher neuroretinal and disc sizes (all P=0.00), there were no significant differences between groups from the third month onwards (all P>0.05). The best predictors of BCVA and VF were GCIPL at 3 months of follow-up (r2=0.32; P=0.03) and RNFL at 6 months of follow-up (r2=0.41; P=0.01) respectively. CONCLUSIONS RNFL and optic disc changes occur during the first 3 months after the onset of NAION, whereas GCIPL is affected soon after the onset of symptoms. GCIPL and RNFL are useful predictors of final visual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-Basterra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain.
| | - A García-Ben
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Ríus-Díaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Statistics and Public Health, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - A González-Gómez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - T R Hedges
- The New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - L N Vuong
- The New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - J M García-Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Málaga, Spain
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Ho VN, Mol BW, Vuong LN. Reply: IVM for expected high responders: balancing the effectiveness and safety. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:2081. [PMID: 31560745 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V N Ho
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - B W Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L N Vuong
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, HCMC, Vietnam.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCM City, Vietnam
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Dang VQ, Vuong LN, Ho TM, Ha AN, Nguyen QN, Truong BT, Pham QT, Wang R, Norman RJ, Mol BW. The effectiveness of ICSI versus conventional IVF in couples with non-male factor infertility: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Hum Reprod Open 2019; 2019:hoz006. [PMID: 30937394 PMCID: PMC6436611 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Study questions Does ICSI result in a higher live birth rate as compared with conventional IVF in couples with non-male factor infertility? What is known already ICSI is primarily indicated for severe male factor infertility. While the use of ICSI for couples with non-male factor infertility has been increasing worldwide, this is not supported by data from randomised controlled trials. Evidence from non-randomised studies suggest no benefit from ICSI compared with conventional IVF in non-male factor infertility, if not a harm. Study design, size, duration This randomised, open-label, multi-centre trial aims to compare the effectiveness of one ICSI cycle and one conventional IVF cycle in infertile couples with non-male factor infertility. A total of 1064 couples will be randomly allocated to an ICSI group and a conventional IVF group. The estimated duration of the study is 30 months. Participants/materials, setting, methods Eligible couples are those whose husbands’ total sperm count and motility are normal, have undergone ≤2 previous IVF/ICSI attempts, use antagonist protocol for ovarian stimulation, agree to have ≤2 embryos transferred and are not participating in another IVF study at the same time. Women undergoing IVM cycles, using frozen semen or having a poor fertilisation (≤25%) in previous cycle will not be eligible. Couples will be randomised to undergo ICSI or conventional IVF (1:1) with ongoing pregnancy resulting in live birth after the first embryo transfer of the started treatment cycle as the primary endpoint. All analyses will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. Effect sizes will be summarised as relative risk (RR), with precision evaluated by 95% CIs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) All authors declare having no conflict of interests with regards to this trial. This work was supported by a grant from MSD [MISP #57508]. Trial registration number NCT03428919. Trial registration date 8 February 2018. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT 16 March 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Q Dang
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - L N Vuong
- HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T M Ho
- HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,IVFAS, An Sinh Hospital, 10 Tran Huy Lieu, Phu Nhuan District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - A N Ha
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Q N Nguyen
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - B T Truong
- IVFAS, An Sinh Hospital, 10 Tran Huy Lieu, Phu Nhuan District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Q T Pham
- IVFMD, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,HOPE Research Center, My Duc Hospital, 4 Nui Thanh, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - R Wang
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006 Adelaide, Australia
| | - R J Norman
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006 Adelaide, Australia.,Fertility SA, 431 King William Street, South Australia 5000, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B W Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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Kemper JM, Wang R, Vuong LN, Mol BW. Single embryo transfer with frozen transfer of all remaining embryos without further embryonic testing should be the standard of care in
IVF. BJOG 2018; 126:142-144. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JM Kemper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - R Wang
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide North Adelaide SA Australia
| | - LN Vuong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - BW Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
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Tam J, Wang Y, Vuong LN, Fisher JM, Farinelli WA, Anderson RR. Cover Image, Volume 11, Issue 10. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tam J, Wang Y, Vuong LN, Fisher JM, Farinelli WA, Anderson RR. Reconstitution of full-thickness skin by microcolumn grafting. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2796-2805. [PMID: 27296503 PMCID: PMC5697650 DOI: 10.1002/term.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing a physical barrier, skin also serves a diverse range of physiological functions through different specialized resident cell types/structures, including melanocytes (pigmentation and protection against ultraviolet radiation), Langerhans cells (adaptive immunity), fibroblasts (maintaining extracellular matrix, paracrine regulation of keratinocytes), sweat glands (thermoregulation) and hair follicles (hair growth, sensation and a stem cell reservoir). Restoration of these functional elements has been a long-standing challenge in efforts to engineer skin tissue, while autologous skin grafting is limited by the scarcity of donor site skin and morbidity caused by skin harvesting. We demonstrate an alternative approach of harvesting and then implanting μm-scale, full-thickness columns of human skin tissue, which can be removed from a donor site with minimal morbidity and no scarring. Fresh human skin microcolumns were used to reconstitute skin in wounds on immunodeficient mice. The restored skin recapitulated many key features of normal human skin tissue, including epidermal architecture, diverse skin cell populations, adnexal structures and sweat production in response to cholinergic stimulation. These promising preclinical results suggest that harvesting and grafting of microcolumns may be useful for reconstituting fully functional skin in human wounds, without donor site morbidity. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Linh N. Vuong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeremy M. Fisher
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Ray Jalian H, Tam J, Vuong LN, Fisher J, Garibyan L, Mihm MC, Zurakowski D, Evans CL, Rox Anderson R. Selective Cryolysis of Sebaceous Glands. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2173-2180. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gorczynska I, Srinivasan VJ, Vuong LN, Chen RWS, Liu JJ, Reichel E, Wojtkowski M, Schuman JS, Duker JS, Fujimoto JG. Projection OCT fundus imaging for visualising outer retinal pathology in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 93:603-9. [PMID: 18662918 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate ultrahigh-resolution, three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT) and projection OCT fundus imaging for enhanced visualisation of outer retinal pathology in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A high-speed, 3.5 mum resolution OCT prototype instrument was developed for the ophthalmic clinic. Eighty-three patients with non-exudative AMD were imaged. Projection OCT fundus images were generated from 3D-OCT data by selectively summing different retinal depth levels. Results were compared with standard ophthalmic examination, including fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, when indicated. RESULTS Projection OCT fundus imaging enhanced the visualisation of outer retinal pathology in non-exudative AMD. Different types of drusen exhibited distinct features in projection OCT images. Photoreceptor disruption was indicated by loss of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) boundary and external limiting membrane (ELM). RPE atrophy can be assessed using choroid-level projection OCT images. CONCLUSIONS Projection OCT fundus imaging facilities rapid interpretation of large 3D-OCT data sets. Projection OCT enhances contrast and visualises outer retinal pathology not visible with standard fundus imaging or OCT fundus imaging. Projection OCT fundus images enable registration with standard ophthalmic diagnostics and cross-sectional OCT images. Outer retinal alterations can be assessed and drusen morphology, photoreceptor impairment and pigmentary abnormalities identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gorczynska
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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