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Izat N, Bolleddula J, Abbasi A, Cheruzel L, Jones RS, Moss D, Ortega-Muro F, Parmentier Y, Peterkin VC, Tian DD, Venkatakrishnan K, Zientek MA, Barber J, Houston JB, Galetin A, Scotcher D. Challenges and Opportunities for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Clearance: Toward a Roadmap for Quantitative Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1591-1606. [PMID: 37751998 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Underestimation of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated clearance by current in vitro assays leads to uncertainty in human dose projections, thereby reducing the likelihood of success in drug development. In the present study we first evaluated the current drug development practices for AO substrates. Next, the overall predictive performance of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) and unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance by AO (CLint,u,AO) was assessed using a comprehensive literature database of in vitro (human cytosol/S9/hepatocytes) and in vivo (intravenous/oral) data collated for 22 AO substrates (total of 100 datapoints from multiple studies). Correction for unbound fraction in the incubation was done by experimental data or in silico predictions. The fraction metabolized by AO (fmAO) determined via in vitro/in vivo approaches was found to be highly variable. The geometric mean fold errors (gmfe) for scaled CLint,u (mL/min/kg) were 10.4 for human hepatocytes, 5.6 for human liver cytosols, and 5.0 for human liver S9, respectively. Application of these gmfe's as empirical scaling factors improved predictions (45%-57% within twofold of observed) compared with no correction (11%-27% within twofold), with the scaling factors qualified by leave-one-out cross-validation. A road map for quantitative translation was then proposed following a critical evaluation on the in vitro and clinical methodology to estimate in vivo fmAO In conclusion, the study provides the most robust system-specific empirical scaling factors to date as a pragmatic approach for the prediction of in vivo CLint,u,AO in the early stages of drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Confidence remains low when predicting in vivo clearance of AO substrates using in vitro systems, leading to de-prioritization of AO substrates from the drug development pipeline to mitigate risk of unexpected and costly in vivo impact. The current study establishes a set of empirical scaling factors as a pragmatic tool to improve predictability of in vivo AO clearance. Developing clinical pharmacology strategies for AO substrates by utilizing mass balance/clinical drug-drug interaction data will help build confidence in fmAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Darren Moss
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fatima Ortega-Muro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Vincent C Peterkin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wang S, Wei C, Jackson KD. Biotransformation research advances - 2022 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:301-342. [PMID: 37737116 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2262161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This annual review is the eighth of its kind since 2016 (Baillie et al. 2016, Khojasteh et al. 2017, Khojasteh et al. 2018, Khojasteh et al. 2019, Khojasteh et al. 2020, Khojasteh et al. 2021, Khojasteh et al. 2022). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, MD Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Marik J, Rich S, Deshmukh G, Zhang D, Tinianow J, Cai J, Wong S, Bobba S, DeMent K, Liu N, Halladay J, Sanabria-Bohórquez S, Cheruzel L, Khojasteh C. GTP1 metabolic stability assessment: A study of the tau PET tracer [ 18F]GTP1. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 124-125:108386. [PMID: 37699300 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tau PET imaging using the tau specific PET tracer [18F]GTP1 has been and is part of therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease to monitor the accumulation of tau aggregates in the brain. Herein, we examined the metabolic processes of GTP1 and assessed the influence of smoking on its metabolism through in vitro assays. The tracer metabolic profile was assessed by incubating GTP1 with human liver microsomes (HLM) and human hepatocytes. Since smoking strongly stimulates the CYP1A2 enzyme activity, we incubated GTP1 with recombinant CYP1A2 to evaluate the role of the enzyme in tracer metabolism. It was found that GTP1 could form up to eleven oxidative metabolites with higher polarity than the parent. Only a small amount (2.6 % at 60 min) of a defluorinated metabolite was detected in HLM and human hepatocytes incubations highlighting the stability of GTP1 with respect to enzymatic defluorination. Moreover, the major GTP1 metabolites were not the product of CYP1A2 activity suggesting that smoking may not impact in vivo tracer metabolism and subsequently GTP1 brain kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Marik
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Sharyl Rich
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gauri Deshmukh
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Tinianow
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Susan Wong
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Halladay
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sandra Sanabria-Bohórquez
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Cheruzel L. Photocatalytic activity of hybrid P450 Enzymes. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Kato M, Foley B, Vu J, Huynh M, Lucero K, Harmon C, Cheruzel L. Promoting P450 BM3 heme domain dimerization with a tris(5-iodoacetamido-1,10-phenanthroline)Ru(II) complex. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:536-540. [PMID: 33376255 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein dimerization often occurs in many biological systems as to provide structural and functional advantages. A tris(5-iodoacetamido-1,10-phenanthroline)Ruthenium(II) complex was shown to promote the covalent dimerization of a P450 BM3 heme domain mutant containing a surface exposed non-native single cysteine residue. The formation of homodimeric species was confirmed by protein gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The dimeric species could be separated from the monomer and aggregates by size-exclusion chromatography. Docking simulation reveals a plausible structure with two proteins covalently conjugated to the inorganic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Kato
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Bridget Foley
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Julia Vu
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Michael Huynh
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Kathreena Lucero
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Caroline Harmon
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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8
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Lombardi A, Cheruzel L, Liu L. Special issue (67:4): Synthetic and engineered enzymes for biocatalysis and biotransformation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:461-462. [PMID: 32833251 PMCID: PMC7722187 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lombardi
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Chemical Sciences, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San Jose State University, Department of Chemistry, San José, CA, USA
| | - Long Liu
- Jiangnan University, Science Center for Future Foods, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Kato M, Melkie M, Li J, Foley B, Nguyen HT, Leti L, Cheruzel L. Coupling efficiency in light-driven hybrid P450BM3 and CYP119 enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 672:108077. [PMID: 31425675 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The light-driven hybrid P450 enzyme approach utilizing the photochemical properties of a covalently attached Ru(II)-diimine photosensitizer was extended to the archaeal Sulfolobus acidocaldarius CYP119 enzyme leading to high photocatalytic activity in the hydroxylation of the chromogenic substrate, 11-nitrophenoxyundecanoic acid. The determined kcat was greater than those reported with various natural redox partners. In addition, the sacrificial electron donor, diethyldithiocarbamate, used in the photocatalytic reaction is shown to play a dual role. It acts as an efficient quencher of the Ru(II) excited state leading to a highly reducing species necessary to inject electrons into the heme. It is also known for its antioxidant properties and is shown herein to be a useful probe to determine coupling efficiency in the light-driven hybrid enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Kato
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Marya Melkie
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Jeffrey Li
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Bridget Foley
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Hoang Truc Nguyen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Liridona Leti
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0101, USA.
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Abstract
We present a fluorescence-based methodology for monitoring the rotational dynamics of Nanodiscs. Nanodiscs are nano-scale lipid bilayers surrounded by a helical membrane scaffold protein (MSP) that have found considerable use in studying the interactions between membrane proteins and their lipid bilayer environment. Using a long-lifetime Ruthenium label covalently attached to the Nanodiscs, we find that Nanodiscs of increasing diameter, made by varying the number of helical repeats in the MSP, display increasing rotational correlation times. We also model our system using both analytical equations that describe rotating spheroids and numerical calculations performed on atomic models of Nanodiscs. Using these methods, we observe a linear relationship between the experimentally determined rotational correlation times and those calculated from both analytical equations and numerical solutions. This work sets the stage for accurate, label-free quantification of protein-lipid interactions at the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Camp
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 314F Roger Adams Laboratory (MC-712), 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 417 RAL (MC-712), 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Mark McLean
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 417 RAL (MC-712), 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Mallory Kato
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192-0101, United States
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192-0101, United States
| | - Stephen Sligar
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 314F Roger Adams Laboratory (MC-712), 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 417 RAL (MC-712), 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
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Do MQ, Henry E, Kato M, Cheruzel L. Cross-linked cytochrome P450 BM3 aggregates promoted by Ru(II)-diimine complexes bearing aldehyde groups. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:130-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Shalan H, Kato M, Cheruzel L. Keeping the spotlight on cytochrome P450. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2017; 1866:80-87. [PMID: 28599858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the recent advances utilizing photosensitizers and visible light to harness the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes. The structures of the photosensitizers investigated to date are first presented along with their photophysical and redox properties. Functional photosensitizers range from organic and inorganic complexes to nanomaterials as well as the biological photosystem I complex. The focus is then on the three distinct approaches that have emerged for the activation of P450 enzymes. The first approach utilizes the in situ generation of reactive oxygen species entering the P450 mechanism via the peroxide shunt pathway. The other two approaches are sustained by electron injections into catalytically competent heme domains either facilitated by redox partners or through direct heme domain reduction. Achievements as well as pitfalls of each approach are briefly summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Shalan
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, United States
| | - Mallory Kato
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, United States
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA, United States.
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Shalan H, Colbert A, Nguyen TT, Kato M, Cheruzel L. Correlating the para-Substituent Effects on Ru(II)-Polypyridine Photophysical Properties and on the Corresponding Hybrid P450 BM3 Enzymes Photocatalytic Activity. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6558-6564. [PMID: 28537742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)-diimine complexes covalently attached near the heme active site of P450 BM3 enzymes have been used to rapidly inject electrons and drive selective C-H functionalization upon visible light irradiation. Herein, we have generated a series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes containing a photosensitizer of general formula [Ru(4,4'-X2bpy)2(PhenA)]2+ where X = Cl, H, tBu, Me OPhe, OMe, or NMe2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and PhenA = 5-acetamido-1,10-phenanthroline. We then probed the effect of electron-withdrawing and -donating groups at the para position of the 4,4'-X2bpy ligands on the corresponding hybrid enzymes photocatalytic activity. A 3-fold improvement in initial reaction rate was noted when varying the substituent from Cl to tBu, however, the reaction rates decrease thereafter with the more electron donating groups. In order to rationalize those effects, we investigated the variation of the substituent on the photophysical properties of the corresponding [Ru(4,4'-X2bpy)2(bpy)]2+ model complexes. Several linear correlations were established between the E(III/II) potential, the MLCT emission, and absorption energies as well as the logarithm of the luminescence quenching rate vs the summative Brown-Okamoto parameter (Σσp+). Moreover, a downward curved Hammett plot is observed with the hybrid enzyme initial reaction rate revealing mechanistic details about the overall light-driven enzymatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Shalan
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University , San Jose, California 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alexander Colbert
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University , San Jose, California 95192-0101, United States
| | - Thanh Truc Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University , San Jose, California 95192-0101, United States
| | - Mallory Kato
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University , San Jose, California 95192-0101, United States
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University , San Jose, California 95192-0101, United States
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Kato M, Lam Q, Bhandarkar M, Banh T, Heredia J, U A, Cheruzel L. Selective C–H bond functionalization with light-driven P450 biocatalysts. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Lam Q, Cortez A, Nguyen TT, Kato M, Cheruzel L. Chromogenic nitrophenolate-based substrates for light-driven hybrid P450 BM3 enzyme assay. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 158:86-91. [PMID: 26712653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a p-nitrophenoxy moiety in substrates has enabled the development of colorimetric assays to rapidly screen for O-demethylation activity of P450 enzymes. For the light-driven hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes, where a Ru(II) photosensitizer powers the enzyme upon visible light irradiation, we have investigated a family of p-nitrophenoxy derivatives as useful chromogenic substrates compatible with the light-driven approach. The validation of this assay and its adaptability to a 96-well plate format will enable the screening of the next generation of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes towards C-H bond functionalization of non-natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lam
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alejandro Cortez
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Thanh Truc Nguyen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Mallory Kato
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
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Dwaraknath S, Tran NH, Dao T, Colbert A, Mullen S, Nguyen A, Cortez A, Cheruzel L. A facile and versatile methodology for cysteine specific labeling of proteins with octahedral polypyridyl d⁶ metal complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:154-60. [PMID: 24468675 PMCID: PMC4058400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized four octahedral polypyridyl d(6) metal complexes bearing the 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,10]phenanthroline ligand (L1) as cysteine specific labeling reagents. The proposed synthetic pathways allow the preparation of the metal complexes containing Re(I), Ru(II), Os(II) and Ir(III) while preserving the epoxide functionality. The complexes were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-visible and luminescence spectroscopies as well as cyclic voltammetry. As proof of concept, a set of non-native single cysteine P450 BM3 heme domain mutants previously developed in our laboratory was used to study the labeling reaction. We demonstrate that the proposed labels can selectively react, often in high yield, with cysteine residues of the protein via the nucleophilic thiol ring opening of the epoxide moiety. In addition, under basic conditions, subsequent loss of a water molecule led to the aromatization of the phenanthroline ring on the protein-bound label compounds, as observed by mass spectrometry and luminescence measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Dwaraknath
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Ngoc-Han Tran
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Thanh Dao
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alexander Colbert
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Sarah Mullen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Angelina Nguyen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alejandro Cortez
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
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17
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Tran NH, Huynh N, Chavez G, Nguyen A, Dwaraknath S, Nguyen TA, Nguyen M, Cheruzel L. A series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes with different catalytic activity in the light-initiated hydroxylation of lauric acid. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 115:50-6. [PMID: 22922311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a series of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes to perform the light-activated hydroxylation of lauric acid. These enzymes contain a Ru(II)-diimine photosensitizer covalently attached to single cysteine residues of mutant P450 BM3 heme domains. The library of hybrid enzymes includes four non-native single cysteine mutants (K97C, Q397C, Q109C and L407C). In addition, mutations around the heme active site, F87A and I401P, were inserted in the Q397C mutant. Two heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes, Ru(bpy)(2)phenA (1) and Ru(phen)(2)phenA (2) (bpy=bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, and phenA=5-acetamido-1,10-phenanthroline), are used as photosensitizers. Upon visible light irradiation, the hybrid enzymes display various total turnover numbers in the hydroxylation of lauric acid, up to 140 for the L407C-1 mutant, a 16-fold increase compared to the F87A/Q397C-1 mutant. CO binding studies confirm the ability of the photogenerated Ru(I) compound to reduce the fraction of ferric high spin species present in the mutants upon substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Han Tran
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
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Mashuta MS, Cheruzel L, Buchanan RM. Tris[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]amine-boric acid (1/1). Acta Crystallogr C 2002; 58:o629-31. [PMID: 12359950 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270102016542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystallization of a polyimidazole compound with boric acid results in the formation of the title compound, C(15)H(21)N(7).B(OH)(3), which has an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The O...N(im) separations (im is imidazole) range from 2.6991 (15) to 2.7914 (14) A, with O-H...N angles ranging from 170.6 (18) to 175 (2) degrees. In addition, symmetry-related boric acid molecules form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, with an O...O distance of 2.7582 (14) A, and symmetry-related imidazole groups form pi-pi stacks, with a centroid-to-centroid separation of 3.533 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Mashuta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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