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Stærk K, Langhorn L, Halle B, Andersen TE. Urinary bladder catheterisation of female pigs: Influence of bladder content and Escherichia coli urinary tract infection on procedural outcome. Lab Anim 2024:236772231169344. [PMID: 38334709 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231169344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Catheterisation of the urinary bladder is needed in many types of human disease models in pigs. Based on our extensive experience with the pig as an infection model, we here demonstrate an approach of catheterising domestic pigs (40 attempts) and Göttingen minipigs (10 attempts) using a blinded method, that is, without speculums or videoscopes to visualise the urethral opening. The procedure was tested on control animals and pigs with experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI) to assess the potential influence of this condition on procedural outcome. Lastly, we performed cystoscopy in three animals to visualise the route to the urethra and to localise potential anatomical obstacles. All domestic pigs were catheterised successfully in an average of 2 minutes and 23 seconds, and this was not influenced by UTI (p = 0.06) or bladder urine content at the time of catheterisation (p = 0.32). All Göttingen minipigs were successfully catheterised in an average of 4 minutes and 27 seconds. We conclude that blinded catheterisation is a fast and reliable approach that can be performed in pigs with or without UTI with minimal risk of trauma or contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Biomedical laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Bo Halle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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2
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Stærk K, Langhorn L, Andersen TE. Clean-catching urine from pigs: A method for collecting quality specimens for urinalysis and microbiological culturing in a laboratory environment. Lab Anim 2022:236772221133433. [DOI: 10.1177/00236772221133433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Urine is an important biological specimen for assessing various metabolic functions and drug clearance. In urinary tract infection research, urine is particularly important as urinary bacterial titres constitute the main diagnostic outcome for assessing the course of infection. Collecting uncontaminated urine samples from pigs can be done by bladder catheterization or suprapubic bladder aspiration, which are both laborious and invasive procedures that require the need for anaesthesia. To improve animal welfare and optimize urine sampling protocols, we developed a method of clean-catching midstream urine specimens from pigs during spontaneous micturition. The quality of urine specimens collected by clean-catch, bladder catheter and suprapubic bladder aspiration were compared using microbiological culturing. We show that urine specimens collected by clean-catch are only minimally contaminated by skin- and vaginal-commensals with no influence on urinary bacterial titres during ongoing infection. In conclusion, we describe a method in which spontaneous micturition can be prompted in pigs, facilitating fast and reliable collection of quality specimens suitable for microbiological culturing. The method supersedes the need for anaesthesia, which not only represents a considerable refinement in terms of animal welfare but also facilitates more frequent collection of specimens that can enhance the scientific outcome of experimental animal studies in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Biomedical Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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3
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Stærk K, Langhorn L, Palarasah Y, Andersen TE. A method for collecting high numbers of blood samples in standard vacuum tubes from non-heparinized pigs. Lab Anim 2022:236772221133431. [DOI: 10.1177/00236772221133431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Large animal models allow for collection of substantial amounts of biological material. However, the collection of larger volumes (>100 ml) of blood from pigs can be a challenge: (i) the peripheral veins are not suitable for collection of high numbers of standard blood tubes as the veins tend to collapse; and (ii) the alternative option of cannulating deeper veins mandates surgical exposure of the vessels and often the need for heparinization, which is undesirable for some blood analysis. During an immunization trial in 40 pigs, we assessed the femoral and saphenous arteries as practical vessels for collecting 250 ml of blood from each pig in standard collection tubes without heparinization. Blood collected from the saphenous artery by a standard butterfly needle proved particularly useful and 250 ml blood could be collected successfully in 24 of 25 pigs by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Biomedical Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Thygesen T, Slots C, Jensen MB, Ditzel N, Kassem M, Langhorn L, Andersen MØ. Comparison of off-the-shelf β-tricalcium phosphate implants with novel resorbable 3D printed implants in mandible ramus of pigs. Bone 2022; 159:116370. [PMID: 35183809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Facial reconstructive surgery has already implemented the use of 3D printed Patient Specific Implants derived from CAD/CAM-based technologies as an alternative to preformed bone graft substitutes. 3D-printed patient-specific implants derived from CAD/CAM-based technologies are used in facial reconstructive surgery as an alternative to preformed bone graft substitutes. However, to minimize the invasiveness and long-term adverse effects of surgical interventions, the implant needs to exhibit exact fitting, porosity, density, and volume and be made from resorbable materials that allow ingrowth and formation of new bone tissue. Therefore, we present this pilot study using 3D-printed implants consisting of pure β-TCP, produced using a novel technique that assures these properties. Eight pigs received 3D-printed truncated porous cone bone implants paired with either an off-the-shelve a chronOS (DePuy Synthes chronOS Vivify Preforms) preformed block (n = 4) or a no-implant void (n = 4) in a surgically created defect on each side of the angle of the mandible. After 6 months, CT data showed that all 3D-printed implants performed as well as did the off-the-shelve implants, with predicted osteointegration medially and laterally and with minimal gapping between the implants and native bone. The CT findings were confirmed by histological analysis that revealed that the 3D-printed implants together with the off-the-shelve implants were almost complete resorbed. Much of the resorbed volume had been replaced by vascularized compact bone, and fusion between newly formed bone and native bone was observed in all implants, further indicating that the 3D-printed implants and off-the-shelve implants performed equally well. Only soft tissue developed in the void control sites. Further studies are needed to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thygesen
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vestre Stationsvej 15, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - C Slots
- Ossiform ApS, Oslogade 1, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M B Jensen
- Ossiform ApS, Oslogade 1, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - N Ditzel
- Clinical Institute, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 2nd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Kassem
- Clinical Institute, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 2nd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - L Langhorn
- Biomedical Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - M Ø Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Fang S, Ahlmann AH, Langhorn L, Hussein K, Sørensen JA, Guan X, Sheikh SP, Riber LP, Andersen DC. Small diameter polycaprolactone vascular grafts are patent in sheep carotid bypass but require antithrombotic therapy. Regen Med 2021; 16:117-130. [PMID: 33764157 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds exhibit high biocompatibility and are attractive as vascular conduits. Materials & methods: PCL tubes were cultivated in bioreactor with human adipose regenerative cells to assess ex vivo cytocompatibility, whereas in vivo PCL tube patency was evaluated in sheep carotid bypass with and without antithrombotic treatment. Results: Ex vivo results revealed increasing adipose regenerative cells on PCL using dynamic bioreactor culturing. In vivo data showed that 67% (2/3) of grafts in the antithrombotic group were patent at day 28, while 100% (3/3) of control grafts were occluded already during the first week due to thrombosis. Histology showed that patent PCL grafts were recellularized by host cells. Conclusion: PCL tubes may work as small diameter vascular scaffolds under antithrombotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,The Danish Regenerative Center, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Alexander Høgsted Ahlmann
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Biomedical Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 23, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Kamal Hussein
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,The Danish Regenerative Center, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Department of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Building 345A, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,The Danish Regenerative Center, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Riber
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,The Danish Regenerative Center, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C 5000, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 19, Odense C 5000, Denmark
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Jankovic I, Bartek J, Jensdottir M, Poulsen FR, Pedersen CB, Kristensen BW, Schytte T, Andersen TL, Langhorn L, Graumann O, Krone W, Halle B. [Thermal ablation of brain tumours]. Ugeskr Laeger 2020; 182:V12190734. [PMID: 32734879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a malignant brain tumour is often associated with a poor prognosis. Current treatment is surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy. Surgical resection is most favourable in relation to survival time. Unfortunately, many patients are not suitable for surgical resection, due to inoperable tumour location or the patients' poor state. Minimally invasive thermal ablation may pose an interesting new treatment alternative. In this review, we describe the evolution, the underlying physiology and the clinical applications of cryo- and laser-induced thermal therapy of primary and secondary brain tumours.
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Andersen AD, Nguyen DN, Langhorn L, Renes IB, van Elburg RM, Hartog A, Tims S, van de Looij Y, Sangild PT, Thymann T. Synbiotics Combined with Glutamine Stimulate Brain Development and the Immune System in Preterm Pigs. J Nutr 2019; 149:36-45. [PMID: 30608604 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm infants are born with an immature gut, brain, and immune system, predisposing them to short- and long-term complications. Objective We hypothesized that a milk diet supplemented with pre- and probiotics (i.e. synbiotics) and glutamine would improve gut, brain, and immune maturation in preterm neonates, using preterm pigs as a model. Methods Preterm pigs (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc, n = 40, delivered by c-section at 90% of gestation) were reared individually until day 23 after birth under highly standardized conditions. Piglets in the intervention group (PPG, n = 20) were fed increasing volumes of bovine milk supplemented with prebiotics (short-chain galacto- and long chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1, 4-12 g/L), probiotics (Bifidobacterium breve M16-V, 3 × 109 CFU/d) and l-glutamine [0.15-0.30 g/(kg · d)], and compared with pigs fed bovine milk with added placebo compounds as control (CON, n = 20). Clinical, gastrointestinal, immunological, cognitive, and neurological endpoints were measured. Results The PPG pigs showed more diarrhea but weight gain, body composition, and gut parameters were similar between the groups. Cognitive performance, assessed in a T-maze, was significantly higher in PPG pigs (P < 0.01), whereas motor function and exploratory interest were similar between the groups. Using ex vivo diffusion imaging, the orientation dispersion index in brain cortical gray matter was 50% higher (P = 0.04), and fractional anisotropy value was 7% lower (P = 0.05) in PPG pigs compared with CON pigs, consistent with increased dendritic branching in PPG. In associative fibers, radial diffusivity was lower and fractional anisotropy was higher in PPG pigs compared with CON pigs (all P < 0.05), while measures in the internal capsule showed a tendency towards reduced radial diffusivity and mean diffusivity (both P = 0.09). On day 23 pigs in the PPG group showed higher blood leukocyte numbers (+43%), neutrophil counts (+100%), and phagocytic rates (+24%), relative to CON, all P < 0.05. Conclusion Preterm pigs supplemented with Bifidobacterium breve, galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides, and l-glutamine showed enhanced neuronal and immunological development. The findings indicate the potential for targeted nutritional interventions after preterm birth, to support development of important systems such as immunity and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders D Andersen
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid B Renes
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology & Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development & Growth, University Children's Hospital Geneva & Functional and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Per T Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hansen CF, Thymann T, Andersen AD, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Hilsted L, Langhorn L, Jelsing J, Sangild PT. Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G550-60. [PMID: 26822913 PMCID: PMC4836131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00221.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants often tolerate full enteral nutrition a few weeks after birth but it is not known how this is related to gut maturation. Using pigs as models, we hypothesized that intestinal structure and digestive function are similar in preterm and term individuals at 3-4 wk after birth and that early enteral nutrition promotes maturation. Preterm or term cesarean-delivered pigs were fed total parenteral nutrition, or partial enteral nutrition [Enteral (Ent), 16-64 ml·kg(-1)·day(-1) of bovine colostrum] for 5 days, followed by full enteral milk feeding until day 26 The intestine was collected for histological and biochemical analyses at days 0, 5, and 26 (n = 8-12 in each of 10 treatment groups). Intestinal weight (relative to body weight) was reduced in preterm pigs at 0-5 days but ENT feeding stimulated the mucosal volume and peptidase activities. Relative to term pigs, mucosal volume remained reduced in preterm pigs until 26 days although plasma glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and glucose-dependent insulin-trophic peptide (GIP) levels were increased. Preterm pigs also showed reduced hexose absorptive capacity and brush-border enzyme (sucrase, maltase) activities at 26 days, relative to term pigs. Intestinal structure shows a remarkable growth adaptation in the first week after preterm birth, especially with enteral nutrition, whereas some digestive functions remain immature until at least 3-4 wk. It is important to identify feeding regimens that stimulate intestinal maturation in the postnatal period of preterm infants because some intestinal functions may show long-term developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frederik Hansen
- 1Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Thomas Thymann
- 1Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - Jens Juul Holst
- 2Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- 2Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Linda Hilsted
- 4Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cophenhagen Denmark; and
| | - Louise Langhorn
- 1Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- 1Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; ,5Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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Hansen CF, Thymann T, Andersen AD, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Hilsted L, Langhorn L, Jelsing J, Sangild PT. Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26822913 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00221.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants often tolerate full enteral nutrition a few weeks after birth but it is not known how this is related to gut maturation. Using pigs as models, we hypothesized that intestinal structure and digestive function are similar in preterm and term individuals at 3-4 wk after birth and that early enteral nutrition promotes maturation. Preterm or term cesarean-delivered pigs were fed total parenteral nutrition, or partial enteral nutrition [Enteral (Ent), 16-64 ml·kg(-1)·day(-1) of bovine colostrum] for 5 days, followed by full enteral milk feeding until day 26 The intestine was collected for histological and biochemical analyses at days 0, 5, and 26 (n = 8-12 in each of 10 treatment groups). Intestinal weight (relative to body weight) was reduced in preterm pigs at 0-5 days but ENT feeding stimulated the mucosal volume and peptidase activities. Relative to term pigs, mucosal volume remained reduced in preterm pigs until 26 days although plasma glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and glucose-dependent insulin-trophic peptide (GIP) levels were increased. Preterm pigs also showed reduced hexose absorptive capacity and brush-border enzyme (sucrase, maltase) activities at 26 days, relative to term pigs. Intestinal structure shows a remarkable growth adaptation in the first week after preterm birth, especially with enteral nutrition, whereas some digestive functions remain immature until at least 3-4 wk. It is important to identify feeding regimens that stimulate intestinal maturation in the postnatal period of preterm infants because some intestinal functions may show long-term developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frederik Hansen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cophenhagen Denmark; and
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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Langhorn L. [Rehabilitation in brain injuries--contribution by the ward section]. Sygeplejersken 1997; 97:19-23. [PMID: 9381376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Langhorn
- Klinisk sygeplejerske på neurokirurgisk afdeling på Arhus Kommunehospital
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