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Yao Y, Yuen JSK, Sylvia R, Fennelly C, Cera L, Zhang KL, Li C, Kaplan DL. Cultivated Meat from Aligned Muscle Layers and Adipose Layers Formed from Glutenin Films. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:814-824. [PMID: 38226596 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated meat production is a promising technology to generate meat while reducing the reliance on traditional animal farming. Biomaterial scaffolds are critical components in cultivated meat production, enabling cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and orientation. In the present work, naturally derived glutenin was fabricated into films with and without surface patterning and in the absence of toxic cross-linking or stabilizing agents for cell culture related to cultivated meat goals. The films were stable in culture media for at least 28 days, and the surface patterns induced cell alignment and guided myoblast organization (C2C12s) and served as a substrate for 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The films supported adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation with mass balance considerations (films, cells, and matrix production). Freeze-thaw cycles were applied to remove cells from glutenin films and monitor changes in glutenin mass with respect to culture duration. Extracellular matrix (ECM) extraction was utilized to quantify matrix deposition and changes in the original biomaterial mass over time during cell cultivation. Glutenin films with C2C12s showed mass increases with time due to cell growth and new collagen-based ECM expression during proliferation and differentiation. All mass balances were compared among cell and noncell systems as controls, along with gelatin control films, with time-dependent changes in the relative content of film, matrix deposition, and cell biomass. These data provide a foundation for cell/biomaterial/matrix ratios related to time in culture as well as nutritional and textural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - John S K Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ryan Sylvia
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, United States
| | - Colin Fennelly
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, United States
| | - Luca Cera
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, United States
| | - Kevin Lin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Cera L, Gonzalez GM, Liu Q, Choi S, Chantre CO, Lee J, Gabardi R, Choi MC, Shin K, Parker KK. A bioinspired and hierarchically structured shape-memory material. Nat Mater 2021; 20:242-249. [PMID: 32868876 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymeric materials lack long-range molecular order that enables more controlled and efficient actuation mechanisms. Here, we develop a hierarchical structured keratin-based system that has long-range molecular order and shape-memory properties in response to hydration. We explore the metastable reconfiguration of the keratin secondary structure, the transition from α-helix to β-sheet, as an actuation mechanism to design a high-strength shape-memory material that is biocompatible and processable through fibre spinning and three-dimensional (3D) printing. We extract keratin protofibrils from animal hair and subject them to shear stress to induce their self-organization into a nematic phase, which recapitulates the native hierarchical organization of the protein. This self-assembly process can be tuned to create materials with desired anisotropic structuring and responsiveness. Our combination of bottom-up assembly and top-down manufacturing allows for the scalable fabrication of strong and hierarchically structured shape-memory fibres and 3D-printed scaffolds with potential applications in bioengineering and smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cera
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grant M Gonzalez
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qihan Liu
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Suji Choi
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christophe O Chantre
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juncheol Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Rudy Gabardi
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Myung Chul Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Chantre CO, Gonzalez GM, Ahn S, Cera L, Campbell PH, Hoerstrup SP, Parker KK. Porous Biomimetic Hyaluronic Acid and Extracellular Matrix Protein Nanofiber Scaffolds for Accelerated Cutaneous Tissue Repair. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:45498-45510. [PMID: 31755704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest the utility of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules as raw components in scaffolding of engineered materials. However, rapid and tunable manufacturing of ECM molecules into fibrous structures remains poorly developed. Here we report on an immersion rotary jet-spinning (iRJS) method to show high-throughput manufacturing (up to ∼1 g/min) of hyaluronic acid (HA) and other ECM fiber scaffolds using different spinning conditions and postprocessing modifications. This system allowed control over a variety of scaffold material properties, which enabled the fabrication of highly porous (70-95%) and water-absorbent (swelling ratio ∼2000-6000%) HA scaffolds with soft-tissue mimetic mechanical properties (∼0.5-1.5 kPa). Tuning these scaffolds' properties enabled the identification of porosity (∼95%) as a key facilitator for rapid and in-depth cellular ingress in vitro. We then demonstrated that porous HA scaffolds accelerated granulation tissue formation, neovascularization, and reepithelialization in vivo, altogether potentiating faster wound closure and tissue repair. Collectively, this scalable and versatile manufacturing approach enabled the fabrication of tunable ECM-mimetic nanofiber scaffolds that may provide an ideal first building block for the design of all-in-one healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe O Chantre
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , University of Zurich , Zurich 8044 ZH , Switzerland
| | - Grant M Gonzalez
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Seungkuk Ahn
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Luca Cera
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Patrick H Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , University of Zurich , Zurich 8044 ZH , Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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Schoder S, Schröder HV, Cera L, Puttreddy R, Güttler A, Resch‐Genger U, Rissanen K, Schalley CA. Strong Emission Enhancement in pH‐Responsive 2:2 Cucurbit[8]uril Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:3257-3261. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schoder
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Jyvaskyla P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Arne Güttler
- Fachbereich 1.2–BiophotonikBundesanstalt für, Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Fachbereich 1.2–BiophotonikBundesanstalt für, Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Jyvaskyla P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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Cera L, Schalley CA. Under Diffusion Control: from Structuring Matter to Directional Motion. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1707029. [PMID: 29931699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization in synthetic chemical systems is quickly developing into a powerful strategy for designing new functional materials. As self-organization requires the system to exist far from thermodynamic equilibrium, chemists have begun to go beyond the classical equilibrium self-assembly that is often applied in bottom-up supramolecular synthesis, and to learn about the surprising and unpredicted emergent properties of chemical systems that are characterized by a higher level of complexity and extended reactivity networks. The present review focuses on self-organization in reaction-diffusion systems. Selected examples show how the emergence of complex morphogenesis is feasible in synthetic systems leading to hierarchically and nanostructured matter. Starting from well-investigated oscillating reactions, recent developments extend diffusion-limited reactivity to supramolecular systems. The concept of dynamic instability is introduced and illustrated as an additional tool for the design of smart materials and actuators, with emphasis on the realization of motion even at the macroscopic scale. The formation of spatio-temporal patterns along diffusive chemical gradients is exploited as the main channel to realize symmetry breaking and therefore anisotropic and directional mechanical transformations. Finally, the interaction between external perturbations and chemical gradients is explored to give mechanistic insights in the design of materials responsive to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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Jana B, Cera L, Akhuli B, Naskar S, Schalley CA, Ghosh P. Competitive Transmetalation of First-Row Transition-Metal Ions between Trinuclear Triple-Stranded Side-by-Side Helicates. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12505-12513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barun Jana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bidyut Akhuli
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sourenjit Naskar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Cera L, Chiappisi L, Böttcher C, Schulz A, Schoder S, Gradzielski M, Schalley CA. PolyWhips: Directional Particle Transport by Gradient-Directed Growth and Stiffening of Supramolecular Assemblies. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604430. [PMID: 28004857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of rigid rods occurs via supramolecular assembly of a nonconjugated π-donor π-acceptor monomer and is triggered by a NaCl gradient. The mechanical stiffness of this material is controlled by the local salt concentration and is ion specific. The continuous and well-controlled growth process is exploited to power the directional transport of sub-millimeter polymer particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekretariat TC7, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS, 20156 - 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Schulz
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schoder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekretariat TC7, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
We present an operationally simple iterative coupling strategy for the synthesis of oligomeric homo- and hetero[n]rotaxanes with precise control over the position of each macrocycle. The exceptional yield of the AT-CuAAC reaction, combined with optimized conditions that allow the rapid synthesis of the target oligomers, opens the door to the study of precision-engineered oligomeric interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Luca Cera
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Akhuli B, Cera L, Jana B, Saha S, Schalley CA, Ghosh P. Formation and Transmetalation Mechanisms of Homo- and Heterometallic (Fe/Zn) Trinuclear Triple-Stranded Side-by-Side Helicates. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4231-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502855g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Akhuli
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Luca Cera
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barun Jana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Subrata Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Abstract
The high vacuum inside a mass spectrometer offers unique conditions to broaden our view on the reactivity of supramolecules. Because dynamic exchange processes between complexes are efficiently suppressed, the intrinsic and intramolecular reactivity of the complexes of interest is observed. Besides this, the significantly higher strength of non-covalent interactions in the absence of competing solvent allows processes to occur that are unable to compete in solution. The present review highlights a series of examples illustrating different aspects of supramolecular gas-phase reactivity ranging from the dissociation and formation of covalent bonds in non-covalent complexes through the reactivity in the restricted inner phase of container molecules and step-by-step mechanistic studies of organocatalytic reaction cycles to cage contraction reactions, processes induced by electron capture, and finally dynamic molecular motion within non-covalent complexes as unravelled by hydrogen-deuterium exchange processes performed in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Cera L, Schalley CA. Stimuli-induced folding cascade of a linear oligomeric guest chain programmed through cucurbit[n]uril self-sorting (n = 6, 7, 8). Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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McGeehan E, Azarafrooz F, Cera L, Buesing R, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J. RELATIVE ANTICOAGULANT AND ANTITHROMBOTIC EFFECTS OF HEPARIN AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS IN HUMAN AND FELINE BLOOD PLASMA. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. J Thromb Haemost 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.tb03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neville B, Fareed J, Florian-Kujawski M, Cera L, Duff R, Valero A, Beusing R, Hoppensteadt D, Kennedy R. Coagulation Profiling of Human, Non-human Primate, Pig, Dog, Rabbit, and Rat Plasma: Pharmacologic Implications. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Neville
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - J Fareed
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - M Florian-Kujawski
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - L Cera
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - Rick Duff
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - Antonio Valero
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - R Beusing
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
| | - Richard Kennedy
- Loyola University Medical Center; 2160 South 1st Avenue Maywood IL 60153
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Florian M, Cera L, Duff R, Maddineni J, Hoppensteadt D, Valero A, Beusing R, Fareed J, Kennedy R. Comparative ProteinChip Array Profiling of Human, Non‐human Primate, Pig, Dog, Rabbit, Rat, and Mice Plasma Using Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization (SELDI) Method. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.5.a1104-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Florian
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - L Cera
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - R Duff
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - J Maddineni
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - D Hoppensteadt
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - A Valero
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - R Beusing
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - J Fareed
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
| | - R Kennedy
- Loyola University Medical Center2160 South 1st AvenueMaywoodIL60153
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Artwohl J, McClain A, Cera L. Population changes of indigenous murine Candida pintolopesii under various experimental conditions and routes of inoculation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:2371-4. [PMID: 3264490 PMCID: PMC204263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.10.2371-2374.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal Candida pintolopesii population levels were found to be significantly affected by laparotomy-inoculation-Bollman apparatus restraint, laparotomy-inoculation, and a milk diet. Gastrectomized rats could not support yeast populations; in intact animals, yeast cells failed to colonize the gastrointestinal tract distal to the stomach. Copraphagia contributed little to stomach yeast populations, supporting the notion that stomach yeast growth occurs at fairly rapid rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Artwohl
- Office of Animal Care, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Hopper JE, Cera L. The structure of human immunoglobulins. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1978; 8:201-8. [PMID: 77654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
General structural features of human Ig proteins are reviewed. The basic four-chain polypeptide structure is described with particular emphasis on IgG as a model for all Ig classes. The dual biologic role of antibody with antigen-binding and the Fc-associated class-specific effector functions is discussed. Certain aspects of Ig structure are highlighted in order to facilitate understanding of symposium topics related to Ig structure and function. Variable (V) region Ig structure, hypervariable segments in the V-regions, idiotypic determinants, and clonal switch mechanisms which permit the synthesis of IgM, IgG and IgA are presented in greater detail. Summary comments include a brief discussion of the genetic control of immunoglobulin synthesis.
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