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Druet V, Ohayon D, Petoukhoff CE, Zhong Y, Alshehri N, Koklu A, Nayak PD, Salvigni L, Almulla L, Surgailis J, Griggs S, McCulloch I, Laquai F, Inal S. A single n-type semiconducting polymer-based photo-electrochemical transistor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5481. [PMID: 37673950 PMCID: PMC10482932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymer films, which can conduct both ionic and electronic charges, are central to building soft electronic sensors and actuators. Despite the possible interplay between light absorption and the mixed conductivity of these materials in aqueous biological media, no single polymer film has been utilized to create a solar-switchable organic bioelectronic circuit that relies on a fully reversible and redox reaction-free potentiometric photodetection and current modulation. Here we demonstrate that the absorption of light by an electron and cation-transporting polymer film reversibly modulates its electrochemical potential and conductivity in an aqueous electrolyte, which is harnessed to design an n-type photo-electrochemical transistor (n-OPECT). By controlling the intensity of light incident on the n-type polymeric gate electrode, we generate transistor output characteristics that mimic the modulation of the polymeric channel current achieved through gate voltage control. The micron-scale n-OPECT exhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio and an excellent sensitivity to low light intensities. We demonstrate three direct applications of the n-OPECT, i.e., a photoplethysmogram recorder, a light-controlled inverter circuit, and a light-gated artificial synapse, underscoring the suitability of this platform for a myriad of biomedical applications that involve light intensity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher E Petoukhoff
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Materials Science and Engineering Program, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen Alshehri
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Materials Science and Engineering Program, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prem D Nayak
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Salvigni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifah Almulla
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Materials Science and Engineering Program, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Materials Science and Engineering Program, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Koklu A, Wustoni S, Guo K, Silva R, Salvigni L, Hama A, Diaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, Grünberg R, Arold ST, Inal S. Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2202972. [PMID: 35772173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keying Guo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Salvigni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Escarlet Diaz-Galicia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Raik Grünberg
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Aleotti F, Nenov A, Salvigni L, Bonfanti M, El-Tahawy MM, Giunchi A, Gentile M, Spallacci C, Ventimiglia A, Cirillo G, Montali L, Scurti S, Garavelli M, Conti I. Spectral Tuning and Photoisomerization Efficiency in Push-Pull Azobenzenes: Designing Principles. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9513-9523. [PMID: 33170012 PMCID: PMC8015210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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This
work demonstrates how push–pull substitution can induce spectral tuning toward the
visible range and improve the photoisomerization efficiency of azobenzene-based
photoswitches, making them good candidates for technological and biological
applications. The red-shifted bright ππ* state (S2) behaves like the lower and more productive dark nπ*
(S1) state because less potential energy along the planar
bending mode is available to reach higher energy unproductive nπ*/S0 crossing regions, which are responsible for the lower quantum
yield of the parent compound. The stabilization of the bright ππ*
state and the consequent increase in isomerization efficiency may
be regulated via the strength of push–pull substituents. Finally, the torsional
mechanism is recognized here as the unique productive route because
structures with bending values attributable to the inversion mechanism
were never detected, out of the 280 ππ* time-dependent
density functional theory (RASPT2-validated) dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Salvigni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonfanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohsen M El-Tahawy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, 22511 Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Andrea Giunchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marziogiuseppe Gentile
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Spallacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Ventimiglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Montali
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Scurti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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