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Argolo DS, Borges JMP, Freitas LDS, Pina GA, Grangeiro MS, da Silva VDA, Pinheiro AM, Souza Conceição R, Branco A, Guillemin G, Costa SL, Costa MDFD. Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway and Production of Inflammatory Cytokines by Astrocytes and Microglia Infected With Neospora caninum. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469211069946. [PMID: 35125873 PMCID: PMC8808026 DOI: 10.1177/11786469211069946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, astrocytes and microglia contribute to homeostasis, regulating the immune response to infectious agents. Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that infects different animal species and it is encysted in their nervous tissue while triggering an immune response modulated by glia. This study aimed to evaluate the infection of primary cultures of rat glial cells by N. caninum through the catabolites of tryptophan, the expression of inflammatory mediators and the integrity of neural tissue. Infection with this coccidium resulted in morphological and functional changes, particularly astrogliosis and microgliosis, and increased the expression of the inflammatory mediators TNF, IL1β, IL-10, and arginase, as well as mRNA for CCL5 and CCL2, molecules involved in the CNS chemotaxis. The infection with N. caninum in glial cells also triggered the activation of the tryptophan pathway, characterized by increased kynurenine 2,3 monooxygenase (KMO) mRNA expression, and by the production of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN). Moreover, glia-neuron co-cultures, when exposed to the secretome derived from N. caninum infected glial cells, presented greater neurons distribution and formation of neurite extensions, associated to morphological changes in astrocytes compatible with neuro-preservation. Considering that the tryptophan catabolism is associated to immune response, these findings suggest that glial activation in N. caninum infection should be responsible for modulating the inflammatory status in an attempt to restore the nervous system homeostasis, since excessive inflammatory response can cause irreversible damage to tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivison Silva Argolo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Julita Maria Pereira Borges
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
- Department of Science and Technologies University of Southwest of Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Gizelle Alves Pina
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Maria Socorro Grangeiro
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Victor Diógenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Veterinary Immunology Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Souza Conceição
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INCT-CNPq), Brazil
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