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Breer K, Glavas-Obrovac L, Suver M, Hikishima S, Hashimoto M, Yokomatsu T, Wielgus-Kutrowska B, Magnowska L, Bzowska A. 9-Deazaguanine derivatives connected by a linker to difluoromethylene phosphonic acid are slow-binding picomolar inhibitors of trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase. FEBS J 2010; 277:1747-60. [PMID: 20193043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP; EC 2.4.2.1) activity leads to a severe selective disorder of T-cell function. Therefore, potent inhibitors of mammalian PNP are expected to act as selective immunosuppressive agents against, for example, T-cell cancers and some autoimmune diseases. 9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)-9-deazaguanine (DFPP-DG) was found to be a slow- and tight-binding inhibitor of mammalian PNP. The inhibition constant at equilibrium (1 mm phosphate concentration) with calf spleen PNP was shown to be = 85 +/- 13 pm (pH 7.0, 25 degrees C), whereas the apparent inhibition constant determined by classical methods was two orders of magnitude higher ( = 4.4 +/- 0.6 nm). The rate constant for formation of the enzyme/inhibitor reversible complex is (8.4 +/- 0.5) x 10(5) m(-1).s(-1), which is a value that is too low to be diffusion-controlled. The picomolar binding of DFPP-DG was confirmed by fluorimetric titration, which led to a dissociation constant of 254 pm (68% confidence interval is 147-389 pm). Stopped-flow experiments, together with the above data, are most consistent with a two-step binding mechanism: E + I <--> (EI) <--> (EI)*. The rate constants for reversible enzyme/inhibitor complex formation (EI), and for the conformational change (EI) <--> (EI)*, are k(on1) = (17.46 +/- 0.05) x 10(5) m(-1).s(-1), k(off1) = (0.021 +/- 0.003) s(-1), k(on2) = (1.22 +/- 0.08) s(-1) and k(off2) = (0.024 +/- 0.005) s(-1), respectively. This leads to inhibition constants for the first (EI) and second (EI)* complexes of K(i) = 12.1 nM (68% confidence interval is 8.7-15.5 nm) and = 237 pm (68% confidence interval is 123-401 pm), respectively. At a concentration of 10(-4) m, DFPP-DG exhibits weak, but statistically significant, inhibition of the growth of cell lines sensible to inhibition of PNP activity, such as human adult T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma (Jurkat, HuT78 and CCRF-CEM). Similar inhibitory activities of the tested compound were noted on the growth of lymphocytes collected from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. The observed weak cytotoxicity may be a result of poor membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Breer
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland
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Hikishima S, Hashimoto M, Magnowska L, Bzowska A, Yokomatsu T. Structural-based design and synthesis of novel 9-deazaguanine derivatives having a phosphate mimic as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors for mammalian PNPs. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2275-2284. [PMID: 20189401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
9-(5',5'-Difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)-9-deazaguanine (DFPP-DG) was designed as a multi-substrate analogue inhibitor against purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) on the basis of X-ray crystallographic data obtained for a binary complex of 9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)guanine (DFPP-G) with calf-spleen PNP. DFPP-DG and its analogous compounds were synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling reaction between a 9-deaza-9-iodoguanine derivative and omega-alkynyldifluoromethylene phosphonates as a key reaction. The experimental details focused on the synthetic chemistry along with some insights into the physical and biological properties of newly synthesized DFPP-DG derivatives are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Hikishima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mariko Hashimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Lucyna Magnowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02 089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02 089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tsutomu Yokomatsu
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Glavas-Obrovac L, Suver M, Hikishima S, Hashimoto M, Yokomatsu T, Magnowska L, Bzowska A. Antiproliferative activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase multisubstrate analogue inhibitors containing difluoromethylene phosphonic acid against leukaemia and lymphoma cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:392-9. [PMID: 20102369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) are expected to act as selective agents against T-cell tumours. Five compounds with guanine, three with hypoxanthine, and five with 9-deazaguanine, all connected by a linker with difluoromethylene phosphonic acid, were studied on their inhibitory potential against human and calf PNPs. Antiproliferative activity of these analogues against lymphocytes as well as lymphoma and leukaemia cells has been also investigated. All tested compounds act as multisubstrate analogue inhibitors of PNP with the apparent inhibition constants in the range 5-100 nm, and also show a slight antiproliferative activity. Analogues with 9-deazaguanine aglycone have better anti-leukaemic and anti-lymphoma activities compared to the guanine and hypoxanthine analogues, and applied in the concentration of 100 mum, caused a statistically significant decrease in the cell viability in all human leukaemia and lymphoma cells used. Despite the high PNP inhibitory potential of tested analogues, no differences were observed between the effects on the growth of tumour cells sensible to the inhibition of PNP, such as human adult T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma cells, and other investigated cells. Obtained poor effects on cell proliferation could be explained probably by a poor ability of tested compounds to penetrate cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Glavas-Obrovac
- School of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek and University Hospital Osijek J. Huttlera 4, Osijek, HR-31000, Croatia.
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Bzowska A, Magnowska L. Simple and universal method to determine dissociation constants for enzyme/ligand complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008:669-70. [DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrn338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yatsu T, Hashimoto M, Hikishima S, Magnowska L, Bzowska A, Yokomatsu T. 9-Deazaguanine derivatives: synthesis and inhibitory properties as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of mammalian PNPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008:661-2. [DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrn334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hashimoto M, Hikishima S, Magnowska L, Bzowska A, Yokomatsu T. Synthesis and evaluation of 9-deazaguanine derivatives as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of PNP. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2007:431-2. [PMID: 18029771 DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrm216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
9-(5',5'-Difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)-9-deazaguanine (DFPP-DG) and its related analogues were designed as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors against purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) on the basis of the X-ray crystallographic data obtained for the binary complex of 9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)guanine (DFPP-G) with calf-spleen PNP. One of these analogues, homo-DFPP-DG was found to be a very potent PNP inhibitor at an intracellular P(i) concentration (about 1 mM phosphate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hashimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Hikishima S, Hashimoto M, Magnowska L, Bzowska A, Yokomatsu T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9-deazaguanine derivatives connected by a linker to difluoromethylene phosphonic acid as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of PNP. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4173-7. [PMID: 17544667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)-9-deazaguanine (DFPP-DG) was designed as a multi-substrate analogue inhibitor against purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) on the basis of X-ray crystallographic data obtained for a binary complex of 9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)guanine (DFPP-G) with calf spleen PNP. DFPP-DG and its analogous compounds were adjusted by length of the linker achieved by the Sonogashira-coupling reaction between a 9-deaza-9-iodoguanine derivative and omega-alkynyldifluoromethylene phosphonates as a key reaction. DFPP-DG is a very potent PNP inhibitor with apparent inhibition constants (in the presence of 1 mM phosphate) of 4.4 and 8.1 nM versus calf spleen and human erythrocyte PNPs, respectively. One of its analogues, homo-DFPP-DG, with longer chain linking phosphonate and 9-deazaguanine is even more potent versus human enzyme, with an apparent inhibition constant of 5.3 nM (in the presence of 1mM phosphate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Hikishima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Banach K, Bojarska E, Kazimierczuk Z, Magnowska L, Bzowska A. Kinetic model of oxidation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase-the final enzyme in degradation of purine nucleosides and nucleotides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:465-9. [PMID: 16247972 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200060006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A new kinetic model is presented for analysis of experimental data of oxidation process catalyzed by milk xanthine oxidase. The kinetics for two substrates, xanthine and its analog 2-chloroadenine, in a broad pH range (5.8-9.0) are best described by an equation which is a rational function of degree 2:3 and 2:2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Banach
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Iwanow M, Magnowska L, Yokomatsu T, Shibuya S, Bzowska A. Interactions of potent multisubstrate analogue inhibitors with purine nucleoside phosphorylase from calf spleen--kinetic and spectrofluorimetric studies. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:1567-70. [PMID: 14565467 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120023035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation constants and stoichiometry of binding for interaction of trimeric calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase with potent multisubstrate analogue inhibitors were studied by kinetic and spectrofluorimetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Iwanow
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Bzowska A, Magnowska L, Kazimierczuk Z. Synthesis of 6-aryloxy- and 6-arylalkoxy-2-chloropurines and their interactions with purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Z NATURFORSCH C 1999; 54:1055-67. [PMID: 10685497 DOI: 10.1515/znc-1999-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The phase transfer method was applied to perform the nucleophilic substitution of 2,6-dichloropurines by modified arylalkyl alcohol or phenols. Since under these conditions only the 6-halogen is exchanged, this method gives 2-chloro-6-aryloxy- and 2-chloro-6-arylalkoxy-purines. 2-Chloro-6-benzylthiopurine was synthesized by alkylation of 2-chloro-6-thiopurine with benzyl bromide. The stereoisomers of 2-chloro-6-(1-phenyl-1-ethoxy)purine were obtained from R- and S-enantiomers of sec.-phenylethylalcohol and 2,6-dichloropurine. All derivatives were tested for inhibition with purified hexameric E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). For analogues showing IC50 < 10 microM, the type of inhibition and inhibition constants were determined. In all cases the experimental data were best described by the mixed-type inhibition model and the uncompetitive inhibition constant, Kiu, was found to be several-fold lower than the competitive inhibition constant, Kic. This effect seems to be due to the 6-aryloxy- or 6-arylalkoxy substituent, because a natural PNP substrate adenine, as well as 2-chloroadenine, show mixed type inhibition with almost the same inhibition constants Kiu and Kic. The most potent inhibition was observed for 6-benzylthio-2-chloro-, 6-benzyloxy-2-chloro-, 2-chloro-6-(2-phenyl-1-ethoxy), 2-chloro-6-(3-phenyl-1-propoxy)- and 2-chloro-6-ethoxypurines (Kiu = 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4 and 2.2 microM, respectively). The R-stereoisomer of 2-chloro-6-(1-pheny-1-ethoxy)purine has Kiu = 2.0 microM, whereas inhibition of its S counterpart is rather weak (IC50 > 12 microM). More rigid (e.g. phenoxy-), non-planar (cyclohexyloxy-), or more bulky (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy-) substituents at position 6 of the purine base gave less potent inhibitors (IC50 = 26, 56 and > 100 microM, respectively). The derivatives are selective inhibitors of hexameric "high-molecular mass" PNPs because no inhibitory activity vs. trimeric Cellulomonas sp. PNP was detected. By establishing the ligand-dependent stabilization pattern of the E. coli PNP it was shown that the new derivatives, similarly as the natural purine bases, are able to form a dead-end ternary complex with the enzyme and orthophosphate. It was also shown that the derivatives are substrates in the reverse synthetic direction catalyzed by E. coli PNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Wierzchowski J, Kulikowska E, Bzowska A, Holy A, Magnowska L, Shugar D. Interactions of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase with antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate inhibitors: kinetics and emission studies. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999; 18:875-6. [PMID: 10432698 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908041588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Association between calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase and a series of phosphonylalkoxyalkyl derivatives of purine bases was studied by inhibition kinetics and fluorimetric titrations. Dissociation constants, determined by fluorimetric titration in phosphate-free conditions, were lower than inhibition constants in 1 mM phosphate, and inhibition was still weaker in 50 mM phosphate, in accord with the postulated bisubstrate analogue character of this class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wierzchowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pedagogical University, Siedlce, Poland
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Kulikowska E, Bzowska A, Holy A, Magnowska L, Shugar D. Antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues as inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 431:747-52. [PMID: 9598163 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5381-6_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Kulikowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland
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