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Milla LA, Corral L, Rivera J, Zuñiga N, Pino G, Nunez-Parra A, Cea-Del Rio CA. Neurodevelopment and early pharmacological interventions in Fragile X Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1213410. [PMID: 37599992 PMCID: PMC10433175 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and the leading monogenic cause of autism and intellectual disability. For years, several efforts have been made to develop an effective therapeutic approach to phenotypically rescue patients from the disorder, with some even advancing to late phases of clinical trials. Unfortunately, none of these attempts have completely succeeded, bringing urgency to further expand and refocus research on FXS therapeutics. FXS arises at early stages of postnatal development due to the mutation and transcriptional silencing of the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 gene (FMR1) and consequent loss of the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein (FMRP) expression. Importantly, FMRP expression is critical for the normal adult nervous system function, particularly during specific windows of embryogenic and early postnatal development. Cellular proliferation, migration, morphology, axonal guidance, synapse formation, and in general, neuronal network establishment and maturation are abnormally regulated in FXS, underlying the cognitive and behavioral phenotypes of the disorder. In this review, we highlight the relevance of therapeutically intervening during critical time points of development, such as early postnatal periods in infants and young children and discuss past and current clinical trials in FXS and their potential to specifically target those periods. We also discuss potential benefits, limitations, and disadvantages of these pharmacological tools based on preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Milla
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucia Corral
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jhanpool Rivera
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nolberto Zuñiga
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Pino
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Cell Physiology Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian A. Cea-Del Rio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Acuña-Castillo C, Barrera-Avalos C, Bachelet VC, Milla LA, Inostroza-Molina A, Vidal M, Luraschi R, Vallejos-Vidal E, Mella-Torres A, Valdés D, Reyes-López FE, Imarai M, Rojas P, Sandino AM. An ecological study on reinfection rates using a large dataset of RT-qPCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Santiago of Chile. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191377. [PMID: 37492136 PMCID: PMC10364051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, new variants pose a significant threat by potentially overriding the immunity conferred by vaccination and natural infection. This scenario can lead to an upswing in reinfections, amplified baseline epidemic activity, and localized outbreaks. In various global regions, estimates of breakthrough cases associated with the currently circulating viral variants, such as Omicron, have been reported. Nonetheless, specific data on the reinfection rate in Chile still needs to be included. Methods Our study has focused on estimating COVID-19 reinfections per wave based on a sample of 578,670 RT-qPCR tests conducted at the University of Santiago of Chile (USACH) from April 2020 to July 2022, encompassing 345,997 individuals. Results The analysis reveals that the highest rate of reinfections transpired during the fourth and fifth COVID-19 waves, primarily driven by the Omicron variant. These findings hold despite 80% of the Chilean population receiving complete vaccination under the primary scheme and 60% receiving at least one booster dose. On average, the interval between initial infection and reinfection was found to be 372 days. Interestingly, reinfection incidence was higher in women aged between 30 and 55. Additionally, the viral load during the second infection episode was lower, likely attributed to Chile's high vaccination rate. Discussion This study demonstrates that the Omicron variant is behind Chile's highest number of reinfection cases, underscoring its potential for immune evasion. This vital epidemiological information contributes to developing and implementing effective public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vivienne C. Bachelet
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A. Milla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailén Inostroza-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Mella-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Rojas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Barrera-Avalos C, Briceño P, Valdés D, Imarai M, Leiva-Salcedo E, Rojo LE, Milla LA, Huidobro-Toro JP, Robles-Planells C, Escobar A, Di Virgilio F, Morón G, Sauma D, Acuña-Castillo C. P2X7 receptor is essential for cross-dressing of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. iScience 2021; 24:103520. [PMID: 34950860 PMCID: PMC8671947 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires the processing and presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC complex). Cross-dressing is a non-conventional antigen presentation mechanism, involving the transfer of preformed peptide/MHC complexes from whole cells, such as apoptotic cells (ACs) to the cell membrane of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs). This is an essential mechanism for the induction of immune response against viral antigens, tumors, and graft rejection, which until now has not been clarified. Here we show for first time that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is crucial to induce cross-dressing between ACs and Bone-Marrow DCs (BMDCs). In controlled ex vivo assays, we found that the P2X7R in both ACs and BMDCs is required to induce membrane and fully functional peptide/MHC complex transfer to BMDCs. These findings show that acquisition of ACs-derived preformed antigen/MHC-I complexes by BMDCs requires P2X7R expression. Cross-dressing of antigens to Dendritic Cells (DCs) is dependent of P2X7 receptor The P2X7 receptor must be present in both Dendritic Cells and antigen source The transfer of antigen/MHC-I complexes to DCs is functional and activates T CD8 cells The P2X7 receptor allows Cross-Dressing possibly through a membrane fusion process
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Briceño
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Leiva-Salcedo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A. Milla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
| | - Claudia Robles-Planells
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gabriel Morón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda, Santiago 3363, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author
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del Campo A, Salamanca C, Fajardo A, Díaz-Castro F, Bustos C, Calfío C, Troncoso R, Pastene-Navarrete ER, Acuna-Castillo C, Milla LA, Villarroel CA, Cubillos FA, Aranda M, Rojo LE. Anthocyanins from Aristotelia chilensis Prevent Olanzapine-Induced Hepatic-Lipid Accumulation but Not Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206149. [PMID: 34684731 PMCID: PMC8537850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are major problems worldwide and dietary polyphenols have shown efficacy to ameliorate signs of these diseases. Anthocyanins from berries display potent antioxidants and protect against weight gain and insulin resistance in different models of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Olanzapine is known to induce an accelerated form of metabolic syndrome. Due to the aforementioned, we evaluated whether delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (DG) and delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (DS), two potent antidiabetic anthocyanins isolated from Aristotelia chilensis fruit, could prevent olanzapine-induced steatosis and insulin resistance in liver and skeletal muscle cells, respectively. HepG2 liver cells and L6 skeletal muscle cells were co-incubated with DG 50 μg/mL or DS 50 μg/mL plus olanzapine 50 μg/mL. Lipid accumulation was determined in HepG2 cells while the expression of p-Akt as a key regulator of the insulin-activated signaling pathways, mitochondrial function, and glucose uptake was assessed in L6 cells. DS and DG prevented olanzapine-induced lipid accumulation in liver cells. However, insulin signaling impairment induced by olanzapine in L6 cells was not rescued by DS and DG. Thus, anthocyanins modulate lipid metabolism, which is a relevant factor in hepatic tissue, but do not significantly influence skeletal muscle, where a potent antioxidant effect of olanzapine was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea del Campo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.d.C.); (L.E.R.); Tel.: +56-223544384 (A.d.C.); +56-22718-1177 (L.E.R.)
| | - Catalina Salamanca
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
| | - Angelo Fajardo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
| | - Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (F.D.-C.); (R.T.)
| | - Catalina Bustos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
| | - Camila Calfío
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (F.D.-C.); (R.T.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Edgar R. Pastene-Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 4081112, Chile;
| | - Claudio Acuna-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
| | - Luis A. Milla
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, CIBAP, Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Carlos A. Villarroel
- ANID-Programa Iniciativa Científica Milenio-Instituto Milenio de Biología Integrativa (iBio), General del Canto 50, Providencia, Santiago 7500565, Chile; (C.A.V.); (F.A.C.)
- Laboratorio Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Francisco A. Cubillos
- ANID-Programa Iniciativa Científica Milenio-Instituto Milenio de Biología Integrativa (iBio), General del Canto 50, Providencia, Santiago 7500565, Chile; (C.A.V.); (F.A.C.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile
| | - Mario Aranda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Fármacos y Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170002, Chile; (C.S.); (A.F.); (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.d.C.); (L.E.R.); Tel.: +56-223544384 (A.d.C.); +56-22718-1177 (L.E.R.)
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Barrera-Avalos C, Mena J, López X, Cappelli C, Neira T, Imarai M, Fernández R, Robles-Planells C, Rojo LE, Milla LA, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Acuña-Castillo C. Adenosine triphosphate, polymyxin B and B16 cell-derived immunization induce anticancer response. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:309-326. [PMID: 33397152 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Whole dead tumor cells can be used as antigen source and the induction of protective immune response could be enhanced by damage-associated molecular patterns. Materials & methods: We generated whole dead tumor cells called B16-immunogenic cell bodies (ICBs) from B16 melanoma cells by nutrient starvation and evaluated the in vivo antitumor effect of B16-ICBs plus ATP and polymyxin B (PMB). Results: The subcutaneous immunization with B16-ICBs + PMB + ATP a 50% of tumor-free animals and induced a significant delay in tumor growth in a prophylactic approach. These results correlated with maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and activation of T CD8+ lymphocytes in vitro. Conclusion: Altogether, ICB + ATP + PMB is efficient in inducing the antitumor efficacy of the whole dead tumor cells vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Mena
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena López
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tanya Neira
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudia Robles-Planells
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Milla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Leiva-Salcedo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
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Burgos H, Hernández A, Constandil L, Ríos M, Flores O, Puentes G, Hernández K, Morgan C, Valladares L, Castillo A, Cofre C, Milla LA, Sáez-Briones P, Barra R. Early postnatal environmental enrichment restores neurochemical and functional plasticities of the cerebral cortex and improves learning performance in hidden-prenatally-malnourished young-adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Villanueva AA, Falcón P, Espinoza N, R LS, Milla LA, Hernandez-SanMiguel E, Torres VA, Sanchez-Gomez P, Palma V. The Netrin-4/ Neogenin-1 axis promotes neuroblastoma cell survival and migration. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9767-9782. [PMID: 28038459 PMCID: PMC5354769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neogenin-1 (NEO1) is a transmembrane receptor involved in axonal guidance, angiogenesis, neuronal cell migration and cell death, during both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. It has been described as a dependence receptor, because it promotes cell death in the absence of its ligands (Netrin and Repulsive Guidance Molecule (RGM) families) and cell survival when they are present. Although NEO1 and its ligands are involved in tumor progression, their precise role in tumor cell survival and migration remain unclear. Public databases contain extensive information regarding the expression of NEO1 and its ligands Netrin-1 (NTN1) and Netrin-4 (NTN4) in primary neuroblastoma (NB) tumors. Analysis of this data revealed that patients with high expression levels of both NEO1 and NTN4 have a poor survival rate. Accordingly, our analyses in NB cell lines with different genetic backgrounds revealed that knocking-down NEO1 reduces cell migration, whereas silencing of endogenous NTN4 induced cell death. Conversely, overexpression of NEO1 resulted in higher cell migration in the presence of NTN4, and increased apoptosis in the absence of ligand. Increased apoptosis was prevented when utilizing physiological concentrations of exogenous Netrin-4. Likewise, cell death induced after NTN4 knock-down was rescued when NEO1 was transiently silenced, thus revealing an important role for NEO1 in NB cell survival. In vivo analysis, using the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, showed that NEO1 and endogenous NTN4 are involved in tumor extravasation and metastasis. Our data collectively demonstrate that endogenous NTN4/NEO1 maintain NB growth via both pro-survival and pro-migratory molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Villanueva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Falcón
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalie Espinoza
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Solano R
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Milla
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Current address: School of Medicine, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Vicente A Torres
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences and Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The Sonic Hegdehog/GLI (SHH/GLI) pathway has been extensively studied for its role in developmental and cancer biology. During early embryonic development the SHH pathway is involved mainly in pattern formation, while in latter stages its function in stem cell and progenitor proliferation becomes increasingly relevant. During postnatal development and in adult tissues, SHH/GLI promotes cell homeostasis by actively regulating gene transcription, recapitulating the function observed during normal tissue growth. In this review, we will briefly discuss the fundamental importance of SHH/GLI in tumor growth and cancer evolution and we will then provide insights into a possible novel mechanism of SHH action in cancer through autophagy modulation in cancer stem cells. Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism that when disrupted can promote and accelerate tumor progression in both cancer cells and the stroma that harbors tumorigenesis. Understanding possible new targets for SHH signaling and its contribution to cancer through modulation of autophagy might provide better strategies in order to design combined treatments and perform clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Milla
- Center for Genome Regulation, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Development, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
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Milla LA, Arros A, Espinoza N, Remke M, Kool M, Taylor MD, Pfister SM, Wainwright BJ, Palma V. Neogenin1 is a Sonic Hedgehog target in medulloblastoma and is necessary for cell cycle progression. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:21-31. [PMID: 23775842 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway plays multiples roles during central nervous system (CNS) development. To elucidate the molecular repertoire of Shh mediators, we have recently described novel transcriptional targets in response to Shh pathway modulation. Among them, we were able to identify Neogenin1 (Neo1), a death dependence receptor, as a new direct Shh downstream regulator in neural precursor proliferation. As appropriate Shh signaling is required for cerebellar growth and alterations cause Shh-driven medulloblastoma (MB), here we have addressed the role of the Shh/Neogenin1 interaction in the context of cerebellar development and cancer. We demonstrate that the Shh pathway regulates Neogenin1 expression in mouse models that recapitulate the Shh MB subtype. We show that the canonical Shh pathway directly regulates the Neo1 gene acting through an upstream sequence in its promoter both in vitro and in vivo in granule neuron precursor cells. We also identified and characterized a functional Gli-binding site in the first intron of the human NEO1 gene. Gene expression profiling of more than 300 MB shows that NEO1 is indeed upregulated in SHH tumors compared to the other MB subgroups. Finally, we provide evidence that NEO1 is necessary for cell cycle progression in a human MB cell line, because a loss of function of NEO1 arrests cells in the G2/M phase. Taken together, these results highlight Neogenin1 as a novel downstream effector of the Shh pathway in MB and a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Milla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
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Milla LA, Cortés CR, Hodar C, Oñate MG, Cambiazo V, Burgess SM, Palma V. Yeast-based assay identifies novel Shh/Gli target genes in vertebrate development. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:2. [PMID: 22214306 PMCID: PMC3285088 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing number of developmental events and molecular mechanisms associated with the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway from Drosophila to vertebrates, suggest that gene regulation is crucial for diverse cellular responses, including target genes not yet described. Although several high-throughput, genome-wide approaches have yielded information at the genomic, transcriptional and proteomic levels, the specificity of Gli binding sites related to direct target gene activation still remain elusive. This study aims to identify novel putative targets of Gli transcription factors through a protein-DNA binding assay using yeast, and validating a subset of targets both in-vitro and in-vivo. Testing in different Hh/Gli gain- and loss-of-function scenarios we here identified known (e.g., ptc1) and novel Hh-regulated genes in zebrafish embryos. Results The combined yeast-based screening and MEME/MAST analysis were able to predict Gli transcription factor binding sites, and position mapping of these sequences upstream or in the first intron of promoters served to identify new putative target genes of Gli regulation. These candidates were validated by qPCR in combination with either the pharmacological Hh/Gli antagonist cyc or the agonist pur in Hh-responsive C3H10T1/2 cells. We also used small-hairpin RNAs against Gli proteins to evaluate targets and confirm specific Gli regulation their expression. Taking advantage of mutants that have been identified affecting different components of the Hh/Gli signaling system in the zebrafish model, we further analyzed specific novel candidates. Studying Hh function with pharmacological inhibition or activation complemented these genetic loss-of-function approaches. We provide evidence that in zebrafish embryos, Hh signaling regulates sfrp2, neo1, and c-myc expression in-vivo. Conclusion A recently described yeast-based screening allowed us to identify new Hh/Gli target genes, functionally important in different contexts of vertebrate embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Milla
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Feijóo CG, Oñate MG, Milla LA, Palma VA. Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-Gli signaling controls neural progenitor cell division in the developing tectum in zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:589-98. [PMID: 21219478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms that control neural progenitor differentiation and behavior, as well as their functional integration into adult neural circuitry, are far from being understood. Given the complexity of the mammalian brain, non-mammalian models provide an excellent model to study neurogenesis, including both the cellular composition of the neurogenic microenvironment, and the factors required for precursor growth and maintenance. In particular, we chose to address the question of the control of progenitor proliferation by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) using the zebrafish dorsal mesencephalon, known as the optic tectum (OT), as a model system. Here we show that either inhibiting pharmacologically or eliminating hedgehog (Hh) signaling by using mutants that lack essential components of the Hh pathway reduces neural progenitor cell proliferation affecting neurogenesis in the OT. On the contrary, pharmacological gain-of-function experiments result in significant increase in proliferation. Importantly, Shh-dependent function controls neural progenitor cell behavior as sox2-positive cell populations were lost in the OT in the absence of Hh signaling, as evidenced in slow-muscle-omitted (smu) mutants and with timed cyclopamine inhibition. Expressions of essential components of the Hh pathway reveal for the first time a late dorsal expression in the embryonic OT. Our observations argue strongly for a role of Shh in neural progenitor biology in the OT and provide comparative data to our current understanding of progenitor/stem cell mechanisms that place Shh as a key niche factor in the dorsal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G Feijóo
- Center for Genomics of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Bergeron SA, Milla LA, Villegas R, Shen MC, Burgess SM, Allende ML, Karlstrom RO, Palma V. Expression profiling identifies novel Hh/Gli-regulated genes in developing zebrafish embryos. Genomics 2007; 91:165-77. [PMID: 18055165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays critical instructional roles during embryonic development. Misregulation of Hh/Gli signaling is a major causative factor in human congenital disorders and in a variety of cancers. The zebrafish is a powerful genetic model for the study of Hh signaling during embryogenesis, as a large number of mutants that affect different components of the Hh/Gli signaling system have been identified. By performing global profiling of gene expression in different Hh/Gli gain- and loss-of-function scenarios we identified known (e.g., ptc1 and nkx2.2a) and novel Hh-regulated genes that are differentially expressed in embryos with altered Hh/Gli signaling function. By uncovering changes in tissue-specific gene expression, we revealed new embryological processes that are influenced by Hh signaling. We thus provide a comprehensive survey of Hh/Gli-regulated genes during embryogenesis and we identify new Hh-regulated genes that may be targets of misregulation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie A Bergeron
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9297, USA
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