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Taheri M, Irandoust K, Reynoso-Sánchez LF, Muñoz-Helú H, Cruz-Morales KN, Torres-Ramírez R, Mirmoezzi M, Youzbashi L, Mirakhori F, Dergaa I, Vancini RL, Mataruna-Dos-Santos LJ, Korinna Zazueta-Beltrán D, Zouhal H, Morales-Beltrán RA, Soylu Y, Molgado-Sifuentes A, González-Hernández J, Hernández-Cruz G, Bojorquez Castro LB, Kurt C, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Seghatoleslami A, López-Camacho MO, Mendoza-Baldenebro RE, Torabi F, Ben Saad H, Washif JA, Strahler J, Guimarães-Mataruna AF, Lebaron TW, Shaabani Ezdini E, Rezaei MS, Moshtagh M, Yagin FH, Gülü M, Esmaeili A, Müller P, Ammar A, Scoditti E, Garbarino S, Puce L, Bragazzi NL, Nobari H. Effects of home confinement on physical activity, nutrition, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 outbreak in amateur and elite athletes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143340. [PMID: 37139442 PMCID: PMC10150803 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the progress in the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it is necessary to continue exploring and explaining how this situation affected the athlete population around the world to improve their circumstances and reduce the negative impact of changes in their lifestyle conditions that were necessitated due to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating influence of physical activity (PA) and dietary habits on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Materials and methods A total of 1,420 elite (40.1%) and amateur (59.9%) athletes (41% women; 59% men) from 14 different countries participated in a cross-sectional design study. Data were collected using a battery of questionnaires that identified sociodemographic data, sleep quality index, PA levels, dietary habits, and the athletes' perception of their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. The analysis of variances and the correlation between variables were carried out with non-parametric statistics. A simple moderation effect was calculated to analyze the interaction between PA or dietary habits on the perception of the COVID-19 experience effect on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes. Results The PA level of elite athletes was higher than amateur athletes during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). However, the PA level of both categories of athletes was lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19 (p < 0.01). In addition, amateurs had a higher diet quality than elite athletes during the pandemic (p = 0.014). The perception of the COVID-19 experience as controllable was significantly higher (p = 0.020) among elite athletes. In addition, two moderating effects had significant interactions. For amateur athletes, the PA level moderated the effect of controllable COVID-19 experience on sleep quality [F (3,777) = 3.05; p = 0.028], while for elite athletes, the same effect was moderated by dietary habits [F (3,506) = 4.47, p = 0.004]. Conclusion Elite athletes had different lifestyle behaviors compared to amateurs during the COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, the relevance of maintaining high levels of PA for amateurs and good quality dietary habits by elite athletes was noted by the moderating effect that both variables had on the influence of the controllable experience during the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Taheri
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Morteza Taheri
| | - Kadijeh Irandoust
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Institute of Future Studies, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hussein Muñoz-Helú
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis, Mexico
| | | | - Raymundo Torres-Ramírez
- Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis, Mexico
| | - Masoud Mirmoezzi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youzbashi
- Department of sport sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirakhori
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Dergaa
- Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
- Institute International des Sciences du Sport, Irodouer, France
| | | | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | | | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Germán Hernández-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Organization, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | | | - Cem Kurt
- Kirkpinar Sport Sciences Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | - Farnaz Torabi
- Department of Physical Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Farhat Hached Hospital, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure, LR12SP09”, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jana Strahler
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tyler W. Lebaron
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, United States
- Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, UT, United States
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Marjan Sadat Rezaei
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
| | - Atefeh Esmaeili
- Department of Sport Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Patrick Müller
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Univerisity Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, Medical School, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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