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van Vreeswijk S, Monai M, Oord R, Schmidt JE, Parvulescu AN, Yarulina I, Karwacki L, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Detecting Cage Crossing and Filling Clusters of Magnesium and Carbon Atoms in Zeolite SSZ-13 with Atom Probe Tomography. JACS Au 2022; 2:2501-2513. [PMID: 36465530 PMCID: PMC9709938 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of methanol to valuable hydrocarbon molecules is of great commercial interest, as the process serves as a sustainable alternative for the production of, for instance, the base chemicals for plastics. The reaction is catalyzed by zeolite materials. By the introduction of magnesium as a cationic metal, the properties of the zeolite, and thereby the catalytic performance, are changed. With atom probe tomography (APT), nanoscale relations within zeolite materials can be revealed: i.e., crucial information for a fundamental mechanistic understanding. We show that magnesium forms clusters within the cages of zeolite SSZ-13, while the framework elements are homogeneously distributed. These clusters of just a few nanometers were analyzed and visualized in 3-D. Magnesium atoms seem to initially be directed to the aluminum sites, after which they aggregate and fill one or two cages in the zeolite SSZ-13 structure. The presence of magnesium in zeolite SSZ-13 increases the lifetime as well as the propylene selectivity. By using operando UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, we are able to show that these findings are related to the suppression of aromatic intermediate products, while maintaining the formation of polyaromatic compounds. Further nanoscale analysis of the spent catalysts showed indications of magnesium redistribution after catalysis. Unlike zeolite H-SSZ-13, for which only a homogeneous distribution of carbon was found, carbon can be either homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed within zeolite Mg-SSZ-13 crystals as the magnesium decreases the coking rate. Carbon clusters were isolated, visualized, and analyzed and were assumed to be polyaromatic compounds. Small one-cage-filling polyaromatic compounds were identified; furthermore, large-cage-crossing aromatic molecules were found by isolating large coke clusters, demonstrating the unique coking mechanism in zeolite SSZ-13. Short-length-scale evidence for the formation of polyaromatic compounds at acid sites is discovered, as clear nanoscale relations between aluminum and carbon atoms exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
H. van Vreeswijk
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Joel E. Schmidt
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | | | - Irina Yarulina
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lukasz Karwacki
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
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Karwacki L, Trocha P, Barnaś J. Spin-dependent thermoelectric properties of a Kondo-correlated quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:505305. [PMID: 24275387 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/50/505305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric transport phenomena in a single-level quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads are considered theoretically in the Kondo regime. The dot is described by the Anderson model with Rashba type spin-orbit interactions. The finite-U mean field slave boson technique is used to describe transport characteristics, such as the heat conductance, thermopower and thermoelectric efficiency (figure of merit). The role of quantum interference effects in the thermoelectric parameters is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karwacki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Aramburo LR, Karwacki L, Cubillas P, Asahina S, de Winter DAM, Drury MR, Buurmans ILC, Stavitski E, Mores D, Daturi M, Bazin P, Dumas P, Thibault-Starzyk F, Post JA, Anderson MW, Terasaki O, Weckhuysen BM. The Porosity, Acidity, and Reactivity of Dealuminated Zeolite ZSM-5 at the Single Particle Level: The Influence of the Zeolite Architecture. Chemistry 2011; 17:13773-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Karwacki L, de Winter DAM, Aramburo LR, Lebbink MN, Post JA, Drury MR, Weckhuysen BM. Architecture-Dependent Distribution of Mesopores in Steamed Zeolite Crystals as Visualized by FIB-SEM Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1294-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karwacki L, de Winter DAM, Aramburo LR, Lebbink MN, Post JA, Drury MR, Weckhuysen BM. Architecture-Dependent Distribution of Mesopores in Steamed Zeolite Crystals as Visualized by FIB-SEM Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karwacki L, Weckhuysen BM. New insight in the template decomposition process of large zeolite ZSM-5 crystals: an in situUV-Vis/fluorescence micro-spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3681-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karwacki L, van der Bij H, Kornatowski J, Cubillas P, Drury M, de Winter D, Anderson M, Weckhuysen B. Unified Internal Architecture and Surface Barriers for Molecular Diffusion of Microporous Crystalline Aluminophosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Karwacki L, van der Bij H, Kornatowski J, Cubillas P, Drury M, de Winter D, Anderson M, Weckhuysen B. Unified Internal Architecture and Surface Barriers for Molecular Diffusion of Microporous Crystalline Aluminophosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:6790-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Karwacki L, Kox MHF, de Winter DAM, Drury MR, Meeldijk JD, Stavitski E, Schmidt W, Mertens M, Cubillas P, John N, Chan A, Kahn N, Bare SR, Anderson M, Kornatowski J, Weckhuysen BM. Morphology-dependent zeolite intergrowth structures leading to distinct internal and outer-surface molecular diffusion barriers. Nat Mater 2009; 8:959-965. [PMID: 19767739 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites play a crucial part in acid-base heterogeneous catalysis. Fundamental insight into their internal architecture is of great importance for understanding their structure-function relationships. Here, we report on a new approach correlating confocal fluorescence microscopy with focused ion beam-electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy lamelling and diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study a wide range of coffin-shaped MFI-type zeolite crystals differing in their morphology and chemical composition. This powerful combination demonstrates a unified view on the morphology-dependent MFI-type intergrowth structures and provides evidence for the presence and nature of internal and outer-surface barriers for molecular diffusion. It has been found that internal-surface barriers originate not only from a 90 degrees mismatch in structure and pore alignment but also from small angle differences of 0.5 degrees-2 degrees for particular crystal morphologies. Furthermore, outer-surface barriers seem to be composed of a silicalite outer crust with a thickness varying from 10 to 200 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Karwacki
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Karwacki L, Stavitski E, Kox M, Kornatowski J, Weckhuysen B. Intergrowth Structure of Zeolite Crystals as Determined by Optical and Fluorescence Microscopy of the Template-Removal Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Karwacki L, Stavitski E, Kox MHF, Kornatowski J, Weckhuysen BM. Intergrowth Structure of Zeolite Crystals as Determined by Optical and Fluorescence Microscopy of the Template-Removal Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7228-31. [PMID: 17763484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Karwacki
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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