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Cáceres ME, Ledesma MM, Lombarte Serrat A, Vay C, Sordelli DO, Giacomodonato MN, Buzzola FR. Growth conditions affect biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus producing mastitis: Contribution of MALDI-TOF-MS to strain characterization. Curr Res Microb Sci 2021; 2:100073. [PMID: 34841363 PMCID: PMC8610354 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
S. aureus native strains formed in vitro high biofilm in milk. Milk whey and free iron medium significantly decreased the biofilms of S. aureus. MALDI-TOF-MS was a useful tool to categorize different levels of biofilm formation.
Bovine mastitis is a disease of dairy cattle prevalent throughout the world that causes alterations in the quality and composition of milk, compromising technological performance. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens that produce clinical, subclinical, and chronic mastitis. Biofilms are considered a virulence factor necessary for the survival of S. aureus in the mammary gland. Its zoonotic potential is important not only for the dairy industry sector but also for public health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different growing culture conditions on the biofilm formation of S. aureus isolated from mastitis and to test the MALDI-TOF-MS's ability to discriminate among different biofilm formation levels. Fluids commonly found in the dairy environment were incorporated to approach the pathogen's behavior in natural surroundings. PIA production was also evaluated. All strains were able to form high biofilms in TSB, TSBg, and milk. Milk changed the behavior of some strains which formed more biofilms in this medium than in TSBg. The free iron medium CTSBg and milk whey inhibited the biofilm formation of the most strains. MALDI-TOF-MS performance was an excellent tool to discriminate between high, moderate, and low biofilm producers strains of S. aureus in each media, confirming the results of crystal violet assay. PIA production was variable among the strains and showed a media-dependent behavior. Our data highlights the importance of considering the growing conditions that mimic the natural ones to the study of biofilm formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Cáceres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Manuel Ledesma
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Lombarte Serrat
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Oscar Sordelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Nancy Giacomodonato
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Roxana Buzzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aya Castañeda MDR, Sarnacki SH, Noto Llana M, López Guerra AG, Giacomodonato MN, Cerquetti MC. Dam methylation is required for efficient biofilm production in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Noto Llana M, Sarnacki SH, Aya Castañeda MDR, Bernal MI, Giacomodonato MN, Cerquetti MC. Consumption of Lactobacillus casei fermented milk prevents Salmonella reactive arthritis by modulating IL-23/IL-17 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82588. [PMID: 24340048 PMCID: PMC3858332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis is the development of sterile joint inflammation as a sequel to a remote infection, often in the gut. We have previously shown that a low dose of S. enteritidis inoculated to streptomycin-pretreated mice generates a self-limiting enterocolitis suitable for studying reactive arthritis. Here we show that consumption of Lactobacillus casei prior to infection abolishes intestinal and joint inflammation triggered by Salmonella. BALB/c mice were sacrificed after infection; intestinal and joint samples were analyzed for histological changes and expression of cytokines. TNF-α was measured by ELISA and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23 and TGF-β was assessed by qPCR. L. casei consumption prevented Salmonella-induced synovitis, the increment of TNF-α in knees and the increase of IL-17 expression in popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes. At intestinal level consumption of L. casei drastically diminished S. enteritidis invasiveness and shortened splenic persistence of the pathogen. Bacterial loads recovered at days 2 and 5 from Peyer's patches were 10-fold lower in mice fed with L. casei. In accordance, we found that the augment in gut permeability induced during enterocolitis was decreased in those animals. Consumption of L. casei prior to infection failed to increase anti- inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 and TGF-β in the intestine. On the other hand, consumption of L. casei abrogated the expression of TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1β and IL-6 in cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes. These cytokines are needed for differentiation of immune cells involved in the development of reactive arthritis such as Th17 and γδ T cells. Trafficking of these inflammatory cells from the gut to the joints has been proposed as a mechanism of generation of reactive arthritis. Our results suggest that L. casei consumption prevents Salmonella-induced synovitis by altering the intestinal milieu necessary for differentiation of cells involved in the generation of joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariángeles Noto Llana
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Hernán Sarnacki
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Rosario Aya Castañeda
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Bernal
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Nancy Giacomodonato
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Cerquetti
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sarnacki SH, Castañeda MDRA, Llana MN, Giacomodonato MN, Valvano MÁ, Cerquetti MC. Dam methylation participates in the regulation of PmrA/PmrB and RcsC/RcsD/RcsB two component regulatory systems in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56474. [PMID: 23418573 PMCID: PMC3572086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of Dam in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis causes a defect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pattern associated to a reduced expression of wzz gene. Wzz is the chain length regulator of the LPS O-antigen. Here we investigated whether Dam regulates wzz gene expression through its two known regulators, PmrA and RcsB. Thus, the expression of rcsB and pmrA was monitored by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting using fusions with 3×FLAG tag in wild type (wt) and dam strains of S. Enteritidis. Dam regulated the expression of both rcsB and pmrA genes; nevertheless, the defect in LPS pattern was only related to a diminished expression of RcsB. Interestingly, regulation of wzz in serovar Enteritidis differed from that reported earlier for serovar Typhimurium; RcsB induces wzz expression in both serovars, whereas PmrA induces wzz in S. Typhimurium but represses it in serovar Enteritidis. Moreover, we found that in S. Enteritidis there is an interaction between both wzz regulators: RcsB stimulates the expression of pmrA and PmrA represses the expression of rcsB. Our results would be an example of differential regulation of orthologous genes expression, providing differences in phenotypic traits between closely related bacterial serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Hernán Sarnacki
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (SHS); (MCC)
| | - María del Rosario Aya Castañeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariángeles Noto Llana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Nancy Giacomodonato
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Ángel Valvano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - María Cristina Cerquetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (SHS); (MCC)
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Giacomodonato MN, Uzzau S, Bacciu D, Caccuri R, Sarnacki SH, Rubino S, Cerquetti MC. SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are synthesized at late stages of infection in mice. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:1221-1228. [PMID: 17379731 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/002758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 is essential for invasion of non-phagocytic cells, whereas SPI-2 is required for intracellular survival and proliferation in phagocytes. Some SPI-1 effectors, however, are induced upon invasion of both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, suggesting that they may also be required post-invasion. In the present work, the presence was analysed of SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo during murine salmonellosis. Tagged (3xFLAG) strains of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were inoculated intraperitoneally or intragastrically to BALB/c mice and recovered from the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of moribund mice. Tagged proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-FLAG antibodies. In vitro experiments showed that SPI-1 effector proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 were secreted under SPI-1 conditions. Interestingly, it was found that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium continued to synthesize SipA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 in colonized organs for several days, regardless of the route of inoculation. Together, these results indicate that SPI-1 effector proteins may participate in the late stages of Salmonella infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Giacomodonato
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Uzzau
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - D Bacciu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - R Caccuri
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S H Sarnacki
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - M C Cerquetti
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cerquetti MC, Goren NB, Ropolo AJ, Grasso D, Giacomodonato MN, Vaccaro MI. Nitric oxide and apoptosis induced in Peyer's patches by attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:964-9. [PMID: 11796632 PMCID: PMC127727 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.2.964-969.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a toxic molecule of the immune system which contributes to the control of microbial pathogens. Additional functions of NO in innate and adaptive immunity have recently been described; these functions include the modulation of the cytokine response of lymphocytes and the regulation of immune cell apoptosis. In addition to direct microbicidal actions, NO has immunoregulatory effects relevant to the control of infections. In turn, infected macrophages and macrophage-regulating lymphocytes may undergo apoptosis during infection by Salmonella spp. In this work we investigated the ability of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with different protective capacities to induce intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and apoptosis in Peyer's patches (PP) in mice. Results showed that the intestinal iNOS activity correlated with increased apoptosis in PP. Furthermore, the ability to induce intestinal NO production and apoptosis within the first few hours after immunization seemed to correlate with the protective capacity of mutant E/1/3 of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. It was found that nonprotective mutant C/2/2, which was unable to induce intestinal NO production, also failed to induce apoptosis in PP. Moreover, aminoguanidine treatment at the time of immunization resulted in inhibition of the NO production and apoptosis induced by protective mutant E/1/3 and completely abolished protection against challenge. These results suggest that the induction of iNOS in the intestinal mucosa by attenuated mutant E/1/3 of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis at the time of immunization is necessary to generate a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cerquetti
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos and Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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