Jarrete AP, Giollo-Junior LT, Vilela-Martin JF, Novais IP, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in microvascular dysfunction in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Braz J Med Biol Res 2022;
55:e11821. [PMID:
35239779 PMCID:
PMC8905673 DOI:
10.1590/1414-431x2021e11821]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a greater
risk of cardiovascular complications compared with men, but this sex difference
is not clearly understood. This study assessed the microvascular function and
circulatory biomarkers in postmenopausal women (PMW) with T2DM compared with
diabetic men and their non-diabetic counterparts. Sixty participants were
divided into nondiabetic PMW, PMW with T2DM, non-diabetic men, and diabetic men.
Microvascular function was assessed using non-invasive equipment
(EndoPAT®) and reported as reactive hyperemia index (RHI).
Anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters were also measured. Two-way ANOVA
was performed using sex (women or men) and T2DM (non-diabetic and diabetic) as
the two factors. RHI impairment (1.97±0.14) was detected in diabetic PMW
compared with women without T2DM (2.5±0.13) accompanied by lower adiponectin
levels (T2DM: 9.3±1.2 and CTL: 13.8±1.8 ug/mL, P<0.05). An increase in the
Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), nitrate/nitrite, and C-reactive protein (CRP)
levels were observed in diabetic PMW compared to the other groups. Although a
poor glycemia control was seen in diabetic men, neither RHI nor circulatory
biomarkers were affected by T2DM. Multiple linear regression stratified by sex
and T2DM identified some variables with RHI only in PMW with T2DM: HbA1c
(P=0.003), body mass index (P=0.029), CML (P=0.032), and CRP (P=0.006). Diabetic
PMW were more susceptible to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia than men,
showing microvascular dysfunction with high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators
(CML and CRP) and a lower adiponectin concentration.
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