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Glaser MA, Montgomery SP, Vahl CI, Titgemeyer EC, Kubick CS, Glaser GI, Spore TJ, Hollenbeck WR, Wahl RA, Blasi DA. Effects of feeding corn containing an alpha-amylase gene on the performance and digestibility of growing cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac013. [PMID: 35350468 PMCID: PMC8944310 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Two growth performance studies and two digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Enogen® Feed Corn silage and corn grain to growing cattle. In Exp. 1, there were a total of 4 diets offered for ad libitum intake. The 4 diets consisted of 2 varieties of corn (Enogen Feed Corn [EFC] vs. yellow #2 corn [CON]) with two different methods of corn processing (dry-rolled [DR] vs. whole-shelled [WS]) and were formulated to provide 1.13 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter (DM); corn grain was 28.6% of diet DM. Average daily gain (ADG) and ending body weight tended to be greater for calves fed EFC than for those fed CON (P < 0.10). Gain:feed (G:F) was better for calves fed EFC (P < 0.01), improving by 5.5% over calves fed CON. In Exp. 2, a digestibility trial was conducted using 7 cannulated Holstein steers fed the same diets from Exp. 1. Ruminal pH was not affected by corn variety (P > 0.82). Liquid passage rate was greater for CON-fed calves and associated with lower digestibility. Total tract DM and organic matter (OM) digestibilities were greater for EFC-fed calves (P < 0.04). In Exp. 3, there were 4 diets offered for ad libitum intake. Dietary factors were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial and consisted of two hybrids of corn silage (EFC silage [EFC-S] vs. control silage [CON-S]) and two varieties of corn grain (EFC grain [EFC-G] vs. control [CON-G]; both were dry-rolled). Diets were formulated to provide 1.11 Mcal NEg/kg DM; corn grain was 38.5% of diet DM, and corn silage was 40% of diet DM. ADG was 6.0% greater (P < 0.01) and G:F was numerically (P < 0.14) 3.3% greater for calves fed EFC-S than for those fed CON-S, but substituting EFC-G for CON-G did not affect ADG or G:F. In Exp. 4, a digestibility trial was conducted using 8 cannulated beef steers fed the same diets as Exp. 3. Liquid passage rate (P > 0.20), ruminal pH (P > 0.23), and ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations (P > 0.27) were unaffected by treatment. Total tract digestibilities of DM and OM were numerically greater by 2.5 and 2.2%, respectively, for calves fed the EFC-S compared to those fed CON-S. Feeding a corn hybrid containing alpha-amylase enzyme improved G:F of growing calves. Feeding EFC can benefit the beef industry by allowing less processing of grain without sacrificing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Glaser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - S P Montgomery
- Corn Belt Livestock Services, Papillion, NE, United States of America
| | - C I Vahl
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - E C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - C S Kubick
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - G I Glaser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - T J Spore
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - W R Hollenbeck
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - R A Wahl
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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Shuai M, Klittnick A, Shen Y, Smith GP, Tuchband MR, Zhu C, Petschek RG, Mertelj A, Lisjak D, Čopič M, Maclennan JE, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Spontaneous liquid crystal and ferromagnetic ordering of colloidal magnetic nanoplates. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10394. [PMID: 26817823 PMCID: PMC4738347 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrofluids are familiar as colloidal suspensions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in aqueous or organic solvents. The dispersed particles are randomly oriented but their moments become aligned if a magnetic field is applied, producing a variety of exotic and useful magnetomechanical effects. A longstanding interest and challenge has been to make such suspensions macroscopically ferromagnetic, that is having uniform magnetic alignment in the absence of a field. Here we report a fluid suspension of magnetic nanoplates that spontaneously aligns into an equilibrium nematic liquid crystal phase that is also macroscopically ferromagnetic. Its zero-field magnetization produces distinctive magnetic self-interaction effects, including liquid crystal textures of fluid block domains arranged in closed flux loops, and makes this phase highly sensitive, with it dramatically changing shape even in the Earth's magnetic field. Ferromagnetism has been known as a material property of solids since the time of the ancient Greeks. Here, Shuai et al. report that magnetic nanoplates suspended in a simple solvent can spontaneously align to form a ferromagnetic liquid, capable of both producing and sensing magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shuai
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A Klittnick
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Y Shen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - G P Smith
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M R Tuchband
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Petschek
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - A Mertelj
- Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Lisjak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Čopič
- Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J E Maclennan
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M A Glaser
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - N A Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Eremin A, Baumgarten S, Harth K, Stannarius R, Nguyen ZH, Goldfain A, Park CS, Maclennan JE, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Two-dimensional microrheology of freely suspended liquid crystal films. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:268301. [PMID: 22243186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.268301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Smectic liquid crystals form freely-suspended, fluid films of highly uniform structure and thickness, making them ideal systems for studies of hydrodynamics in two dimensions. We have measured particle mobility and shear viscosity by direct observation of the gravitational drift of silica spheres and smectic islands included in these fluid membranes. In thick films, we observe a hydrodynamic regime dominated by lateral confinement effects, with the mobility of the inclusion determined predominantly by coupling of the fluid flow to the fixed boundaries of the film. In thin films, the mobility of inclusions is governed primarily by coupling of the fluid to the surrounding air, as predicted by Saffman-Delbrück theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eremin
- Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Institute for Experimental Physics, D-39016 Magdeburg, Germany
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Hough LE, Jung HT, Krüerke D, Heberling MS, Nakata M, Jones CD, Chen D, Link DR, Zasadzinski J, Heppke G, Rabe JP, Stocker W, Körblova E, Walba DM, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Helical Nanofilament Phases. Science 2009; 325:456-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hough LE, Spannuth M, Nakata M, Coleman DA, Jones CD, Dantlgraber G, Tschierske C, Watanabe J, Körblova E, Walba DM, Maclennan JE, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Chiral Isotropic Liquids from Achiral Molecules. Science 2009; 325:452-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jang WG, Glaser MA, Park CS, Kim KH, Lansac Y, Clark NA. Evidence from infrared dichroism, x-ray diffraction, and atomistic computer simulation for a "zigzag" molecular shape in tilted smectic liquid crystal phases. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:051712. [PMID: 11735950 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infrared dichroism (IR) and atomistic computer simulation are employed to probe molecular shape in smectic liquid crystal phases where the optic axis is tilted relative to the layer normal. Polar plots of absorption profiles due to core (phenyl, C-C) and tail (alkyl or methylene, CH2) vibrations in the tilted synclinic (smectic-C) phase of a variety of materials show the phenyl (core) IR absorbance symmetry axes to be consistently tilted at larger angle from the layer normal than the alkyl or methylene (tail). This suggests that, on average, the tails are less tilted than the cores. Furthermore, we find that optic axis tilt angle is close to the core tilt angle measured by IR dichroism, as expected, since liquid crystal birefringence arises primarily from the cores. These results are in accord with the "zigzag" model of Bartolino, Doucet, and Durand. However, we find that only a small fraction of the tail, the part nearest the core, is tilted, and only this part contributes significantly to layer contraction upon molecular tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jang
- Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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Lansac Y, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Microscopic structure and dynamics of a partial bilayer smectic liquid crystal. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:051703. [PMID: 11735941 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobiphenyls (nCB's) represent a useful and intensively studied class of mesogens. Many of the peculiar properties of nCB's (e.g., the occurrence of the partial bilayer smectic-A(d) phase) are thought to be a manifestation of short-range antiparallel association of neighboring molecules, resulting from strong dipole-dipole interactions between cyano groups. To test and extend existing models of microscopic ordering in nCB's, we carry out large-scale atomistic simulation studies of the microscopic structure and dynamics of the Sm-A(d) phase of 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB). We compute a variety of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical properties for this material, and make a detailed comparison of our results with experimental measurements in order to validate our molecular model. Semiquantitative agreement with experiment is found: the smectic layer spacing and mass density are well reproduced, translational diffusion constants are similar to experiment, but the orientational ordering of alkyl chains is overestimated. This simulation provides a detailed picture of molecular conformation, smectic layer structure, and intermolecular correlations in Sm-A(d) 8CB, and demonstrates that pronounced short-range antiparallel association of molecules arising from dipole-dipole interactions plays a dominant role in determining the molecular-scale structure of 8CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lansac
- Condensed Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Jang WG, Park CS, Kim KH, Glaser MA, Clark NA. Infrared spectroscopic study of molecular hydrogen bonding in chiral smectic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:5027-5035. [PMID: 11089051 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of Fourier-transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy to probe intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in thermotropic liquid-crystal phases. Infrared spectra of aligned smectic liquid crystal materials vs temperature, and of isotropic liquid-crystal mixtures vs concentration were measured in homologs both with and without hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding significantly changes the direction and magnitude of the vibrational dipole transition moments, causing marked changes in the IR dichroic absorbance profiles of hydrogen-bonded molecular subfragments. A GAUSSIAN94 computation of the directions, magnitudes, and frequencies of the vibrational dipole moments of molecular subfragments shows good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that IR dichroism can be an effective probe of hydrogen bonding in liquid-crystal phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- WG Jang
- Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of a ferroelectric liquid crystal composed of racemic molecules. The ferroelectric polarization results from spontaneous polar symmetry breaking in a fluid smectic. The ferroelectric phase is also chiral, resulting in the formation of a mixture of macroscopic domains of either handedness at the isotropic-to-liquid crystal phase transition. This smectic liquid crystal is thus a fluid conglomerate. Detailed investigation of the electrooptic and polarization current behavior within individual domains in liquid crystal cells shows the thermodynamically stable structure to be a uniformly tilted smectic bow-phase (banana phase), with all layer pairs homochiral and ferroelectric (SmC(S)P(F)).
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Affiliation(s)
- DM Walba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. Department of Physics and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University
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Rudquist P, Lagerwall JPF, Buivydas M, Gouda F, Lagerwall ST, Clark NA, Maclennan JE, Shao R, Coleman DA, Bardon S, Bellini T, Link DR, Natale G, Glaser MA, Walba DM, Wand MD, Chen XH. The case of thresholdless antiferroelectricity: polarization-stabilized twisted SmC* liquid crystals give V-shaped electro-optic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a900991d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Weider T, Glaser MA, Hanley HJ, Clark NA. Shear-induced melting of two-dimensional solids. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:5622-5628. [PMID: 10004508 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bellini T, Glaser MA, Clark NA, Degiorgio V. Effects of finite laser coherence in quasielastic multiple scattering. Phys Rev A 1991; 44:5215-5223. [PMID: 9906575 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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Glaser MA, Thienes CH. Dural Defects: How Important Is Their Surgical Repair: An Experimental and Clinical Study upon Heteroplastic and Autoplastic Dural Grafts. Cal West Med 1938; 48:163-166. [PMID: 18744426 PMCID: PMC1659157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Glaser MA. Encephalography. Cal West Med 1933; 38:116-117. [PMID: 18742415 PMCID: PMC1658544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Glaser MA. SURGICAL AND NONSURGICAL FACIAL NEURALGIAS. Cal West Med 1930; 32:174-178. [PMID: 18741335 PMCID: PMC1657379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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