Prevalence of Gall Bladder Carcinoma in Patients with Cholelithiasis

The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of gallbladder carcinoma in patients having cholelithiasis. For this purpose a prospective study was carried out on 15 patients of both sexes in Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura. Their mean age was 56 ±8 years (range 30 to 70 years) having gall bladder mass. Gall bladder mass and stone were detected by history, Physical examination, ultrasonography and computed tomography of the abdomen. Carcinoma was confirmed by histopathological examination of specimens removed by operation. All gallbladder masses removed by operation showed malignat tumor on histopathological examination. Among them adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were present in 94 and 6 percent respectively. Stones were present within gallbladder mass in 94 percent of cases. In 80 percent of cases the disease was in advanced stage. The results of the present study suggested that the patient having cholelithiasis are prone to develop malignancy in the gallbladder. However as the sample size is small further studies are needed by taking large number of sample to validate this statement Journal of Surgical Sciences (2012) Vol. 16 (2) : 68-70

Effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat under different irrigation regimes

A field experiment was carried out to study the zinc-iron relationship in wheat (BARI Gom-26) plant grown under water stress condition in the field near net house of Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, during November 2015 to March 2016. The experiment was designed in a split plot on sixteen treatments comprising four irrigation treatments (regular irrigation, stopping irrigation at crown root initiation, stopping irrigation at booting stage and stopping irrigation at grain filling stage) and four foliar application of zinc and iron (control, 0.05% of zinc, 0.05% of iron and 0.05% of zinc +0.05% of iron). Zinc sulphate monohydrate (ZnSO4. H2O) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4. H2O) were used as a source of Zn and Fe. The highest yield (4.01 t ha-1) was recorded in stopping irrigation at grain filling stage which was identical with regular irrigation. Water stress at crown root initiation stage had the most negative effect on growth and yield. Foliar application of zinc and iron played a major role on yield and yield components of wheat at later stages of growth. The results obtained from the present research showed that iron and zinc spray increased grain yield and quality of wheat and improved the effects caused by drought stress.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(3): 395-406, September 2018

Heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables grown in industrial areas under varying levels of pollution

The concentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) in three popular leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea), red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and amaranth (Amaranthus oleraseus) and that in the respective soils were assessed. These crops and soils were collected from two industrial areas (Kalakoir and Zorun, Konabari, Gazipur), and one non-industrial area (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute-BARI) under Gazipur district. The concentration of heavy metal in different parts of plant followed the roots>leaves>stem and in soils the order was Kalakoir (pollution)> Zorun (medium pollution) > BARI (low/non-pollution). In all three leafy vegetables similar trend of metal contents was observed i.e. Ni>Cr>Pb>Co>Cd. In the highly pollution area (Kalakoir) the Pb and Ni concentration was found in the order of amaranth>spinach>red amaranth. The Cd concentration was in the order of spinach>amaranth>red amaranth whereas for Cd it was amaranth>red amaranth>spinach and for Cr it was red amaranth>amaranth>spinach. The Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr concentrations in the studied vegetables grown in the low polluted area were below the maximum acceptable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, except, Cd in spinach and amaranth. However, the higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr in vegetables grown in the industrial areas indicates that industrial discharge causes heavy metals contamination of soil and eventually their accumulation in plants.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(1): 39-51, March 2018

Huge Perineal Tumour: A Rare Presentation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour of Rectum

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a relatively rare neoplasm of gastrointestinal tract of which Rectal GIST is uncommon. It produces symptoms of per rectal bleeding or change in bowel habit. Recurrences following curative resection are predominantly intraabdominal, hepatic metastasis occurring at a median 20-25 months following the primary surgery. A 42 years old male presented a huge mass in hypogastrium, the size of which was reduced ofter neoadjuvant therapy for period of 1.5 years. He underwent abdominoperineal resection. He developed recurrences in perineum three times and in thigh at short intervals after primary resection. He also developed liver metastasis. He died two and half years after primary diagnosis. Rectal GIST should be included in differential diagnosis of intraabdominal mass and preoperative diagnosis based on histopathological as well as the immunohistochemical feature of the CD(117) and CD(34). Although complete surgical resection with negative tumour margin is the principal curative procedure for primary and non metastatic tumours, further studies are still needed for the determination of the most effective treatment strategy for patients of rectal GIST.

Evaluation of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in Bangladeshi patients

This is a retrospective study of 200 cases of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) and this study was conducted from January 2010 to July 2011 at Sheheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital and TB clinic, Bogra, Bangladesh. Data were collected from the Hospital records on demographics, clinical, laboratory and treatment out come status. The incidence of EPTB was high in 16-45 years age group (55%), mean age was 35.67±14.6 years and predominated in Female patients (60%). Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) still constitutes an important clinical problem in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to evaluate the demography and features of patients with EPTB in our high burden tuberculosis country. Lymph nodes are the most common site of involvement (50%) followed by tubercular pleural effusion (15%) and virtually every site of the body can be affected by tuberculosis. Since the clinical presentation of EPTB is atypical, tissue samples for the confirmation of diagnosis can sometimes be difficult procedure and conventional diagnostic method have a poor yield, so the diagnosis is often delayed. EPTB constitutes about 15-20% of all cases of TB patients and it is more common in low socio-economic group (60%) Biopsy and/ or surgery, FNAC is required to procure tissue samples and pus and/or aspirated fluids are required for diagnosis and for managing complications. The EPTB usually responds to standard anti tubercular drug regimen.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum: An analysis of six cases

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20336 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 42-46

Comparison of transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy

This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Radiology and Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2008 to June 2010 to compare the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography and transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of clinically suspected cases of ectopic pregnancy. Initially 60 patients with clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy were included in this study after analyzing selection criteria 30 patients underwent both transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography. 'Histopathological diagnosis' was considered gold standard against which accuracies of two diagnostic modalities were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography as a diagnostic modality in evaluation of suspected ectopic pregnancy were 73.1%, 75%, 95%, 30% and 73.3% respectively where as transvaginal ultrasonography was found to have 92.3% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 96% positive predictive value, 60% negative predictive value and 90% accuracy. Transvaginal ultrasonography was superior to transabdominal ultrasonography in the evaluation of suspected ectopic pregnancies so, transvaginal ultrasonography is important for early and accurate diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Ice test in diagnosis of ocular myasthenia

This observational, non-control, non equivalent pretest and post test descriptive study was carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from June 2009 to December 2009 to compare the efficacy of ice test and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis. Ten patients with fluctuating ptosis (4 male and 6 female) who were suspected of having ocular myasthenia were included in the study. Male and female ratio in the study was 2:3. The mean age of the patients was 28.1 years. Positive response to pyridostigmine was taken as confirmation of ocular myasthenia. A piece of ice (2cm × 1cm) was placed over the upper eyelid for 2 minutes and the vertical eye lid fissure height was noted before and after the application of ice. Repetitive nerve stimulation was performed in the same subjects subsequently. Results of two tests were compared. Eight patients shows good (>2mm) elevation of eyelid with ice and three patients had abnormal RNS. In conclusion, ice test appears as more sensitive clinical test to detect ocular myasthenia than RNS test.

Evaluation of foot ulcers in diabetic patients

This is a prospective observational study of 50 cases of diabetic foot ulcer conducted from June 2010 to May 2011 in the Department of Surgery of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital and the Diabetic Hospital, Bogra. This study revealed that diabetic foot ulcers are not uncommon complication in our country. The purpose of the study was to undergo a thorough evaluation of diabetic foot ulcers for better management as well as better outcome of patients. The maximum age group of this study was 41-50 years; mean±SD age was 55±15 years and male to female ratio was 1.4:1. This study showed that diabetic foot ulcers were more common in low-socio-economic group, among smokers, among poor glycemic controlled group and long duration of diabetics. In this series, 92% patients had peripheral neuropathy, 22% had foot deformity and 70% patients had vascular insufficiency in the foot and legs. In this series, 68% patients presented early diabetic complication i.e. 44% patients belonged to grade '0' and 24% patients belonged to Grade 1, which were suitable for safety of the limb or reducing major amputation if treated properly.

Adoption of dairy farming technologies by small farm holders: practices and constraints

In Bangladesh, usually, small scale farmers are not adopted to use all kinds of improved technologies in dairy farming. But, high level of technology adoption has a direct impact on milk yield and household’s income generation as well as dairy development. The objectives of this study was to determine the causes of adoption and non adoption of high yielding breed, the level of practices and constraints in adopting the improved technologies. The study was carried out in three different agro-ecological zones and 180 dairy cattle farmers were interviewed. Self practiced dairy technologies were listed, adoption score for each technology and adoption index for each farmer were studied. One-fourth farmers used artificial insemination for breeding purpose and two-fifth belonged to medium or high level of technology adoption. Only 35% farmers adopted crossbred cows and some others upgraded indigenous with exotic breeds. About 17.5% rural farmers and 70% semi-urban farmers reared crossbred cows and rural farmers are reluctant to utilize all kinds of improved technologies. Secondary and higher educated farmers were 9.7 times more likely to be adopting improved technologies compared to illiterate farmers. Top ranked constraints were ill equipped and negligible services at AI centre, no provision for testing of animals, poor knowledge of farmers about health care of animals and inadequate knowledge about proper feeding and balanced ration. Need more knowledge on improved technologies through training, availability of reliable and continuous technical assistance, availability and low price of concentrate feeds, increased and timely provision of medicine, increasing AI facilities, providing pure breed and strengthening extension services were the main suggestions from farmers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14132Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 124-135

Role of MRI in the evaluation of acoustic schwannoma and its comparison to histopathological findings

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been the primary imaging modality and has revolutionized the imaging of brain tumors. MRI can display accurate multi planer imaging without interfering of adjacent structures specially for posterior fossa mass lesion. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for cerebollo-pontine (CP) angle Schwannoma. The study was performed to determine, the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in the evaluation of intracranial extra axial CP angle Schwannoma. MRI scan of brain was done on 42 consecutively selected patients referred for the evaluation of CP Acoustic Schwannoma. The age range from 21-60 years and the mean age was 42.85 (+/- 9.5) years. Highest incidence of cerebollo-pontine angle (CPA) mass were found 42.86% in 41-50 age group of patients. Male and Female ratio was 1.083:1. The most common presenting feature of the patients with CP angle Acoustic Schwannoma were headache 90.48%. Acoustic Schwannoma is T1 hypointense 100%, T2 hyper intense 84.61% and heterogeneously hyper intense 92.30% in FLAIR image. After giving contrast agents, homogeneous enhancement 57.69% and heterogeneous 42.31% cases of Acoustic Schwannoma. Overall 61.54% Acoustic Schwannoma strong contrast enhancement was observed. Dural tail was observed in 26.92% cases. Perilesional edema was observed 38.46% cases. Mass effect was observed in 76.92%. After complete MRI evaluation 61.9% had Acoustic Schwannoma. Histopathologicaly proved cases showed out of all patients Acoustic Schwannoma 59.52%. The overall sensitivity of MRI to diagnose Acoustic Schwannoma were found, Sensitivity- 96%, Specificity- 88.2%, PPV-92.31%, NPV-93.75% and Acceuracy 92.86%. Test is significant with p < 0.0001 level. It is conceivable that MRI is a highly accurate, sensitive and Gadolinium enhanced MRI is more sensitive in detection of acoustic Schwannoma. MR imaging is the study of choice for the examination of the patient of cerebellopontine angle Schwannoma because of its high sensitivity specially after use of contrast material.

Treatment of myasthenia gravis: a surgical profile

Twenty three cases of thymectomy were performed in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from 2004-2006 for myasthenia gravis, age ranging from 18 to 65 years, male were 16 and female 07. Out of these cases 09 had thymoma of which 03 have shown features of malignancy. There was no pre-operative or post operative mortality. Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis was considered when there was clinical feature of drooping eye lids, difficulty in deglutition, nasal voice, generalized weakness etc. All patients received medical treatment before and after surgery. Medical treatment usually given at BSMMU anticholinesterase such as mastinon, if the patient is improved and well tolerated, this regime is continued. Although, role of steroid and immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of myasthenia gravis is controversial, steroid used in few cases of type II & type III. No steroid used in ocular variety. Patients were followed for one year and showed significant improvement after surgery.

A laboratory system for production of flexion rates and forces in the forelimb of the horse

The distal portion of the forelimb of the horse is provided with a stay apparatus composed of tendons, ligaments, and fascia. This stay apparatus provides the major resistance to joint flexion during the support phase of the stride. The laboratory test system described was shown to be able to reproduce in vitro limb motions and hoof forces measured with a running horse. These results indicated the stay apparatus operates in a largely passive mode, active muscle contraction apparently serving to provide rigidity only early in the support phase of the stride. The testing system described was designed to take advantage of the passive nature of the stay apparatus in order to study in vitro the forces, accelerations, and deformations encountered by the limb of the galloping horse in vivo.

Sonographic Measurement Of Inferior Vena Cava Diameter – A Noninvasive Tool To Detect Acute Blood Loss

Detection and monitoring of blood loss in trauma patients can often be challenging. Change in the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) occurs due to alteration in circulating blood volume (CBV) and blood loss. Ultrasonographic measurement of IVCd provides a noninvasive real-time information of the CBV. The present study was designed to determine whether acute blood loss could be detected by sonographic measurement of the IVCd. A total of 50 volunteer blood donors aged 18 to 57 years were studied in the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from July 2004 to June 2005. The inferior vena cava diameters, both during inspiration and expiration were measured by ultrasound examination immediately before and after donation of a single unit (450ml) of blood. During examination, the transducer was applied to the epigastrium parallel to the median line about 2 cm to the right of it for sagittal sections, and at a right angle to the median line about 3 cm below the xiphoid process for transverse sections. In sagittal sections, the inferior vena cava behind the liver were imaged during inspiration and expiration. The mean diameter of IVC during expiration before and after the blood donation was 17.5mm (±1.56mm) and 11.93mm (±1.48mm) respectively. Likewise, the mean diameter of IVC during inspiration before and after the blood donation was 12.96mm (±1.61mm) and 7.58mm (±1.29mm) respectively. The decrease in INV diameter following blood loss was significant (p< 0.01). Thus, the acute depletion of CBV could be detected by measuring the change of IVCd by sonography. Further study may be undertaken to determine the relationship of unit change of IVCd due to acute blood loss in case of trauma or other conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10099 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 51-53