1
|
Nahm MH, Oliver MB, Siira L, Kaijalainen T, Lambertsen LM, Virolainen A. A report of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6D in Europe. J Med Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.48729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
2
|
Bratcher PE, Park IH, Oliver MB, Hortal M, Camilli R, Hollingshead SK, Camou T, Nahm MH. Evolution of the capsular gene locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 6. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 157:189-198. [PMID: 20929956 PMCID: PMC3068628 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.043901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing serogroup 6 capsules frequently causes pneumococcal infections and the evolutionary origins of the serogroup 6 strains have been extensively studied. However, these studies were performed when serogroup 6 had only two known members (serotypes 6A and 6B) and before the two new members (serotypes 6C and 6D) expressing wciNβ were found. We have therefore reinvestigated the evolutionary origins of serogroup 6 by examining the profiles of the capsule gene loci and the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) of many serogroup 6 isolates from several continents. We confirmed that there are two classes of cps locus sequences for serogroup 6 isolates. In our study, class 2 cps sequences were limited to a few serotype 6B isolates. Neighbour-joining analysis of cps sequence profiles showed a distinct clade for 6C and moderately distinct clades for class 1 6A and 6B sequences. The serotype 6D cps profile was found within the class 1 6B clade, suggesting that it was created by recombination between 6C and 6B cps loci. Interestingly, all 6C isolates also had a unique wzy allele with a 6 bp deletion. This suggests that serotype switching to 6C involves the transfer of a large (>4 kb) gene segment that includes both the wciNβ allele and the ‘short’ wzy allele. The MLST studies of serotype 6C isolates suggest that the 6C cps locus is incorporated into many different pneumococcal genomic backgrounds but that, interestingly, 6C cps may have preferentially entered strains of the same genomic backgrounds as those of serotype 6A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Bratcher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - I H Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M B Oliver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Hortal
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Camilli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - T Camou
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Serotype 6D of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been reported in Asia and the Fijian islands among nasopharyngeal carriage isolates. We now report a 6D isolate from a Finnish adult with invasive pneumococcal disease. Interestingly, the Finnish isolate and Asian isolate capsule gene loci are almost identical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Nahm
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M B Oliver
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L Siira
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kaijalainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - A Virolainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This meta-analysis surveyed 177 usable sources that reported data on gender differences on 21 different measures of sexual attitudes and behaviors. The largest gender difference was in incidence of masturbation: Men had the greater incidence (d = .96). There was also a large gender difference in attitudes toward casual sex: Males had considerably more permissive attitudes (d = .81). There were no gender differences in attitudes toward homosexuality or in sexual satisfaction. Most other gender differences were in the small-to-moderate range. Gender differences narrowed from the 1960s to the 1980s for many variables. Chodorow's neoanalytic theory, sociobiology, social learning theory, social role theory, and script theory are discussed in relation to these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Oliver
- Department of Communication Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boggess A, Bohlin RC, Evans DC, Freeman HR, Gull TR, Heap SR, Klinglesmith DA, Longanecker GR, Sparks W, West DK, Holm AV, Perry PM, Schiffer FH, Turnrose BE, Wu CC, Lane AL, Linsky JL, Savage BD, Benvenuti P, Cassatella A, Clavel J, Heck A, Macchetto F, Penston MV, Selvelli PL, Dunford E, Gondhalekar P, Oliver MB, Sandford MCW, Stickland D, Boksenberg A, Coleman CI, Snijders MAJ, Wilson R. In-flight performance of the IUE. Nature 1978. [DOI: 10.1038/275377a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|