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Waitz M, Bello RY, Metz D, Lower J, Trinter F, Schober C, Keiling M, Lenz U, Pitzer M, Mertens K, Martins M, Viefhaus J, Klumpp S, Weber T, Schmidt LPH, Williams JB, Schöffler MS, Serov VV, Kheifets AS, Argenti L, Palacios A, Martín F, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2266. [PMID: 29273745 PMCID: PMC5741688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H2 two-electron wave function in which electron–electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources. Electron-electron correlation is a complex and interesting phenomenon that occurs in multi-electron systems. Here, the authors demonstrate the imaging of the correlated two-electron wave function in hydrogen molecule using the coincident detection of the electron and proton after the photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waitz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Y Bello
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Metz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Lower
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Trinter
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Schober
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Keiling
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - U Lenz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Pitzer
- Universität Kassel, Heinr.-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Viefhaus
- FS-PE, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- FS-FLASH-D, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J B Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - M S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V V Serov
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - A S Kheifets
- Research School of Physical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - L Argenti
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physics and CREOL College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - A Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileo de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Waitz M, Metz D, Lower J, Schober C, Keiling M, Pitzer M, Mertens K, Martins M, Viefhaus J, Klumpp S, Weber T, Schmidt-Böcking H, Schmidt LPH, Morales F, Miyabe S, Rescigno TN, McCurdy CW, Martín F, Williams JB, Schöffler MS, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Two-Particle Interference of Electron Pairs on a Molecular Level. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:083002. [PMID: 27588854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the photodouble ionization of H_{2} molecules with 400 eV photons. We find that the emitted electrons do not show any sign of two-center interference fringes in their angular emission distributions if considered separately. In contrast, the quasiparticle consisting of both electrons (i.e., the "dielectron") does. The work highlights the fact that nonlocal effects are embedded everywhere in nature where many-particle processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waitz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Metz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Lower
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Schober
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Keiling
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Pitzer
- Universität Kassel, Heinr.-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Viefhaus
- FS-PE, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- FS-FL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Schmidt-Böcking
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Morales
- Max-Born-Institut, Max Born Strasse 2 A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Miyabe
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T N Rescigno
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C W McCurdy
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J B Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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