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Bevins SN, Dusek RJ, White CL, Gidlewski T, Bodenstein B, Mansfield KG, DeBruyn P, Kraege D, Rowan E, Gillin C, Thomas B, Chandler S, Baroch J, Schmit B, Grady MJ, Miller RS, Drew ML, Stopak S, Zscheile B, Bennett J, Sengl J, Brady C, Ip HS, Spackman E, Killian ML, Torchetti MK, Sleeman JM, Deliberto TJ. Widespread detection of highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses in wild birds from the Pacific Flyway of the United States. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28980. [PMID: 27381241 PMCID: PMC4933915 DOI: 10.1038/srep28980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus belonging to the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 variant viruses was detected in North America in late 2014. Motivated by the identification of these viruses in domestic poultry in Canada, an intensive study was initiated to conduct highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance in wild birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States. A total of 4,729 hunter-harvested wild birds were sampled and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in 1.3% (n = 63). Three H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subtypes were isolated from wild birds, H5N2, H5N8, and H5N1, representing the wholly Eurasian lineage H5N8 and two novel reassortant viruses. Testing of 150 additional wild birds during avian morbidity and mortality investigations in Washington yielded 10 (6.7%) additional highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates (H5N8 = 3 and H5N2 = 7). The geographically widespread detection of these viruses in apparently healthy wild waterfowl suggest that the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 variant viruses may behave similarly in this taxonomic group whereby many waterfowl species are susceptible to infection but do not demonstrate obvious clinical disease. Despite these findings in wild waterfowl, mortality has been documented for some wild bird species and losses in US domestic poultry during the first half of 2015 were unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Bevins
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - R J Dusek
- US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C L White
- US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - T Gidlewski
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - B Bodenstein
- US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - K G Mansfield
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - P DeBruyn
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - D Kraege
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - E Rowan
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - C Gillin
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - B Thomas
- USDA Wildlife Services, Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - S Chandler
- USDA Wildlife Services, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - J Baroch
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - B Schmit
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - M J Grady
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - R S Miller
- USDA Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - M L Drew
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Caldwell, Idaho, USA
| | - S Stopak
- USDA Wildlife Services, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - B Zscheile
- USDA Wildlife Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - J Bennett
- USDA Wildlife Services, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - J Sengl
- USDA Wildlife Services, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Caroline Brady
- California Waterfowl Association, Roseville, California, USA
| | - H S Ip
- US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - E Spackman
- USDA ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - M L Killian
- US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - J M Sleeman
- US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - T J Deliberto
- US Department of Agriculture-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Killian ML, Lim CT, Thomopoulos S, Charlton N, Kim HM, Galatz LM. The effect of unloading on gene expression of healthy and injured rotator cuffs. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1240-8. [PMID: 23508698 PMCID: PMC3690165 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendon unloading following rupture of one of the rotator cuff tendons can induce alterations in muscle physiology and tendon structure, which can subsequently affect reparability and healing potential. Yet little is known about the effects of muscle and tendon unloading on the molecular response of the rotator cuff. We determined the effect of mechanical unloading on gene expression and morphology of healthy supraspinatus tendons and muscles, and the same muscles after acute injury and repair. Mechanical unloading was achieved by tenotomy and/or botulinum toxin A (BTX) chemical denervation in a rat rotator cuff model of injury and repair. Gene expression profiles varied across regions of the muscle, with the greatest changes seen in the distal aspect of the muscle for most genes. Myogenic and adipogenic genes were upregulated in muscle when unloaded (tenotomy and BTX). Tendon injury, with and without repair, resulted in upregulation of fibrosis- and tendon-specific gene expression. The expression of scleraxis, a transcription factor necessary for tendon development, was upregulated in response to injury and repair. In summary, tendon detachment and repair had the greatest effect on tendon gene expression, while unloading had the greatest effect on muscle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- ML Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - CT Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sung-Ji Hospital, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - S Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - N Charlton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - HM Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn State University Hershey, Hershey, PA
| | - LM Galatz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
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Killian ML, Swenson SL, Vincent AL, Landgraf JG, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Xu X, Klimov A, Zhang Y, Bowman AS. Simultaneous infection of pigs and people with triple-reassortant swine influenza virus H1N1 at a U.S. county fair. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:196-201. [PMID: 22776714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza-like illness was noted in people and pigs in attendance at an Ohio county fair in August 2007. The morbidity rate in swine approached 100% within 1-2 days of initial clinical signs being recognized, and approximately two dozen people developed influenza-like illness. Triple-reassortant swine H1N1 influenza viruses were identified in both pigs and people at the fair. The identified viruses (A/Sw/OH/511445/2007, A/Ohio/01/2007, and A/Ohio/02/2007) were similar to H1N1 swine influenza viruses currently found in the U.S. swine population. This case illustrates the possibility of transmission of swine influenza in settings where there is close human/swine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Killian
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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