Bedeutung und Probleme der Begriffsbestimmung im Rahmen der Biologie

Einleitend wird dargelegt, daß die Sprache für Biologie und Medizin eine besondere Bedeutung besitzt und daß daher neben der seit LINNE einheitlichen Nomenklatur auch eine einheitliche Terminologie gefordert werden muß. Auf die Probleme der Terminologie stößt vor allem auch der Literaturforscher und der Dokumentär, wenn es darum geht, die im Schrifttum verstreuten Angaben über bestimmte Themen für eine einheitliche Auswertung zusammenzufassen.

In einigen allgemeinen Überlegungen zur Begriffsbestimmung wird besonders betont, daß wir zwischen den Bezeichnungen der natürlichen Gegebenheiten und den Bezeichnungen für die Beschäftigung des Menschen mit diesen Gegebenheiten streng unterscheiden müssen. Es kann viel Arbeit gespart werden, wenn man die Definitionen der Beschäftigung des Menschen mit den . Gegebenheiten (also die Definitionen der Wissenschaftsdisziplinen) als sekundäres Problem zunächst beiseite läßt.

Um zu zeigen, wie vielgestaltig und schwierig die Probleme der Terminologie und der einheitlichen Definition in allen ihren Zusammenhängen sind, werden einige spezielle Beispiele abgehandelt. Dazu dienen die Termini ,,Länge”, ,,Symmetrie” und ,,Plankton”.

Structure, transport and photoconductance of PbS quantum dot monolayers functionalized with a copper phthalocyanine derivative

We simultaneously surface-functionalize PbS nanocrystals with Cu 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-tetraaminophthalocyanine and assemble this hybrid material into macroscopic monolayers.

[Breastfeeding Rates and Duration in Germany - A Systematic Review]

Aim: 20 years after establishment of the National Breastfeeding Committee, the present work, based on published data on breastfeeding, is aimed at providing insight into the development of breastfeeding behaviour in Germany. Methods: To identify relevant publications, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science using the search terms "breast feeding" or "breastfeeding" in combination with "Germany". The publication period was limited to the period 1995-2014. Results: A total of 35 studies with data on breastfeeding for the birth cohorts of 1990-2012 were identified. Most of the data had been collected in regional or local surveys, often retrospectively. About 60% of the studies had been conducted with the primary aim of collecting data on breastfeeding or infant nutrition. Over the past 2 decades, breastfeeding rates were always relatively high at the beginning (72-97%). However, they declined significantly within the first 2 months, and by the age of 6 months, only about 50% of infants were still breastfed. Conclusion: Breastfeeding support and early assistance should be offered to a greater extent in order to achieve sustainable improvement of breastfeeding frequency and duration in Germany. Regarding the quality of data collected on breastfeeding, it seems crucial to implement standardised approaches to monitor breastfeeding in Germany.

Coupled organic–inorganic nanostructures (COIN)

Materials to devices: coupled organic–inorganic nanostructures provide versatile perspectives for quantum dot-based optoelectronic devices.

S3-Guidelines for the Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Disease during the Lactation Period: AWMF Guidelines, Registry No. 015/071 (short version) AWMF Leitlinien-Register Nr. 015/071 (Kurzfassung)

Breastfeeding is widely acknowledged to be the best and most complete form of nutrition for healthy infants born at term and is associated with numerous benefits in terms of infants' health, growth, immunity and development. However, breastfeeding problems often result in early weaning. Standardized treatment recommendations for breastfeeding-related diseases are necessary to optimize the care offered to breastfeeding women. Evidence and consensus based guidelines for the treatment of puerperal mastitis, sore nipples, engorgement and blocked ducts were developed on the initiative of the National Breastfeeding Committee. These guidelines were developed in accordance with the criteria set up by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF), the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. The recommendations were drawn up by an interdisciplinary group of experts and were based on a systematic search and evaluation of the literature but also took clinical experience into account. Additionally good clinical practice (GCP) in terms of expert opinion was formulated in cases where scientific investigations could not be performed or were not aimed for. This article presents a summary of the recommendations of the S3-guidelines.

Geometrical camera calibration with diffractive optical elements

Traditional methods for geometrical camera calibration are based on calibration grids or single pixel illumination by collimated light. A new method for geometrical sensor calibration by means of diffractive optical elements (DOE) in connection with a laser beam equipment is presented. This method can be especially used for 2D-sensor array systems but in principle also for line scanners.

[Does breast-feeding prevent breast cancer?]

Many epidemiological studies show clearly the restraining effect of breast-feeding on breast cancer. So it could be shown that breast-feeding for one year reduces the individual risk for premenopausal breast cancer by 45%. The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the developed countries could be decreased by 42% by increasing the breast-feeding time in life. Most authors assume that the protective value of breast-feeding is hormone-conditioned. Further theoretical implications result from the increasing knowledge of the immunologic characteristics of the mother's milk. Beside well-known positive effects of breast-feeding on children's health, breast-feeding should also be further promoted from the view of women's health.