Socioeconomic disparities in diabetes-concordant comorbidity: national health interview survey, 1997-2018

OBJECTIVE

Although social disparities in morbidity and mortality are well-documented, little is known how socioeconomic status (SES) shapes diabetes-concordant comorbidity (DCC). This study examines socioeconomic inequalities in DCC among adults with diabetes in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN

The study incorporated a cross-sectional nationally representative household health survey.

METHODS

This study used data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2018. The analysis included 56,192 adults aged 30 or above with diabetes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to obtain relative risk ratios in gender-stratified models after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.

RESULTS

The multivariable-adjusted analyses suggest that across all SES indicators and in both men and women, individuals with lower SES had greater odds of DCC than individuals with higher SES. The associations of SES indicators with DCC were larger in magnitude among women than in men. For example, compared to individuals with a college or higher degree, men with less than a high school degree were 2.06 times (95% confidence interval = 1.76-2.41) and women with less than a high school degree were 3.19 times (95% confidence interval = 2.67-3.82) more likely to have 3 or more DCCs. Similar associations were observed for other indicators of SES.

CONCLUSION

Study findings suggest strong social status and gender-based patterns in DCC. Identifying population groups with poor social status may be useful for informing interventions aiming to improve healthcare services of diabetes-related complications.

Body size, Mental health and Inequalities: The burden of obesity in South Africa

Background

Given the substantial burden of obesity in South Africa, it is important to understand how specific aspects of socioeconomic position influence the risk of unhealthy weight in different gender or ethnic groups.

Methods

We investigated body mass index distributions among subjects aged 15+ years from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Determinants of underweight, overweight and obesity were studied in 1655 (73%) men and 3104 (74%) women who had data available on social and mental health characteristics. Logistic and multinomial regressions were used to study associations with weight categories.

Results

Less than half of the subjects had healthy weight, 22% were overweight and 29% were obese. The proportion of healthy weight decreased and the risk of obesity increased with age up to 65 years. African women had a particularly high risk of overweight and obesity compared to men (age adjusted OR 4.65, 95% CI 3.94-5.50). The effect of gender was smaller in non-Africans (age adjusted OR 3.02, 95% CI 2.41-3.79; test for statistical interaction p = 0.004). Employment and higher education were associated with higher risk of overweight and obesity and a lower risk of underweight. Married subjects were at a higher risk of overweight and obesity. In men, higher income was associated with overweight and obesity. We found weak evidence of poor mental health being associated with unhealthy BMI.

Conclusions

There are social gradients and gender and ethnic differences in how underweight, overweight and obesity are distributed in the South African population. A high prevalence of obesity among women and positive associations of education, employment and income with overweight and obesity call for investments into health literacy. Action is also needed to prevent undernutrition among socially disadvantaged groups, and men in particular.

Key messages

There are strong social gradients and important gender and ethnic differences in how underweight, overweight and obesity are distributed in the South African population. High prevalence of obesity in women and positive associations of socioeconomic position with obesity indicate poor health literacy. Undernutrition needs to be reduced among socially disadvantaged.