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Latos-Brozio M, Czechowski L, Masek A. The Influence of Solar Ageing on the Compositions of Epoxy Resin with Natural Polyphenol Quercetin. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1592. [PMID: 38612105 PMCID: PMC11012991 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Epoxy resin compositions are used in modern railways, replacing other materials. However, epoxy composites in public transport are subject to many requirements, including that they should be flame retardant and resistant to weather conditions. The aim of the research was to analyse the resistance to solar ageing of epoxy resin composites containing flame retardants and the addition of the natural stabilising substance-quercetin. The homogeneity of the samples (optical microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy) and their thermal stability (TGA thermogravimetry) were analysed. The T5 temperature, which is the initial temperature of thermal decomposition of the samples, was 7 °C higher for the epoxy resin containing quercetin, so the material with polyphenol was characterised by better thermal resistance. Changes in material properties (hardness, surface energy, carbonyl index, colour) after 800 h solar ageing were investigated. The tensile tests on materials were executed for three different directions before and after ageing effect. The samples showed good resistance to degradation factors, i.e., they retained the functional properties (hardness and mechanical properties). However, analysis of carbonyl indices and surface energies showed that changes appeared in the composites after solar ageing, suggesting the beginning of material degradation. An approximately 3-fold increase in the polar component in epoxy resin compositions (from approximately 3 mN/m to approximately 11 mN/m) is associated with an increase in their hydrophilicity and the progress of ageing of the materials' surface. The obtained results are an introduction to further research on the long-term degradation processes of epoxy resins with plant stabilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A, Czechowski L, Jastrzębska A, Miszczak S. Effect of the Addition of Naringenin Derived from Citrus on the Properties of Epoxy Resin Compositions. Molecules 2024; 29:512. [PMID: 38276590 PMCID: PMC10818364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This research concerns the modification of commercially available epoxy resin with flame retardants in order to obtain aging-resistant and antimicrobial polymeric materials with a plant stabilizer dedicated to use in rail transport. Polymer compositions based on epoxy resin, fiberglass fabric, and naringenin were prepared. Naringenin was added as a natural stabilizer at 2, 4, and 8 phr. The materials were subjected to solar aging lasting 800 h. The hardness of the samples, surface energy, and carbonyl indexes were determined, and the color change in the composition after aging was analyzed. In addition, microscopic observations, analyses of mechanical properties, and microbiological tests were performed. The hardness determination showed that the samples retained their functional properties after solar aging. The increase in the polar component of the surface energy of all materials indicated the beginning of the degradation process of the composites. The tensile one-directional tests were carried out for plane samples taken in three directions (0, 90, and 45 degrees referred to a plate edge) before and after the aging process. The addition of naringenin did not affect the functional and surface properties of the epoxy resin-based materials. Polyphenol stabilized polymer composites, as evidenced by the results of carbonyl indexes. Moreover, the obtained samples showed good antimicrobial properties for E. coli and C. albicans in the field of testing the viability of microbial cells in contact with the tested surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Jastrzębska
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Miszczak
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (S.M.)
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A, Chrzescijanska E, Podsędek A, Kajszczak D. Characteristics of the Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Cone Extracts from Conifers Determined Using Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Methods. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111723. [PMID: 34829594 PMCID: PMC8615251 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the polyphenolic profile of cone extracts of Douglas fir, Scots pine and Korean fir, and to study their antioxidant activity. The mechanism of electro-oxidation of polyphenols (such as procyanidins and catechins) from cone extracts was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), as well as spectrophotometric methods-ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ) and CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity). The scientific novelty of the research is the comprehensive analysis of cone extracts in terms of antioxidant properties. Due to the high polyphenol content, the extracts showed significant ability to reduce oxidative reactions, as well as the ability to scavenge free radicals and transition metal ions. Douglas fir, Scots pine and Korean fir cone extracts can potentially be used as natural stabilizers, preservatives and antimicrobial substances in the food industry and in medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.-B.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.-B.); (A.M.)
| | - Ewa Chrzescijanska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Podsędek
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Dominika Kajszczak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (D.K.)
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Compositions with Natural Amber Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041556. [PMID: 33557223 PMCID: PMC7913948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few scientific reports have suggested the possibility of using natural phenolic acids as functional substances, such as stabilizers for polymeric materials. The replacement of commercial stabilizers in the polymer industry can be beneficial to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to obtain biodegradable composition of polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with natural amber (succinic) acid. The materials were subjected to controlled thermooxidation and solar aging. The research methodology included thermal analysis, examination of surface energy, mechanical properties and spectrophotometric analysis of the color change after aging. The samples of aliphatic polyesters containing from 1 to 2 parts by weight of succinic acid were characterized by increased resistance to oxidation (DSC analysis). Natural acid, preferably at a concentration of 1–1.5 parts by weight, acted as a stabilizer in the polymer compositions. On the other hand, materials that had amber acid above 2 parts by weight added were more susceptible to oxidation (DSC). They also showed the lowest aging coefficients (K). The addition of acid at 2.5–4 parts by weight caused a pro-oxidative effect and accelerated aging. By adding amber acid to PLA and PHA, it is possible to design their time in service and their overall lifetime.
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A, Piotrowska M. Thermally Stable and Antimicrobial Active Poly(Catechin) Obtained by Reaction with a Cross-Linking Agent. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010050. [PMID: 33396558 PMCID: PMC7823284 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(+)-Catechin is a flavonoid with valuable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, found in significant amounts in green tea leaves. Polymeric forms of catechin have been obtained by enzymatic reaction, photopolymerization, and polycondensation in designed processes. However, so far, poly(catechin) has not been received in the cross-linking reaction. Reactions with the cross-linking compound allowed for the preparation of antibacterial and antioxidant materials based on quercetin and rutin. The aim of the research was to obtain, for the first time, poly(catechin) by reaction with glycerol diglycide ether cross-linking compound. The polymeric form of (+)-catechin was confirmed using FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In addition, thermal analysis (TG and DSC) of the polymeric catechin was performed. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of poly (flavonoid) was also analyzed. Poly(catechin) was characterized by greater resistance to oxidation, better thermal stability and the ability to reduce transition metal ions than (+)-catechin. In addition, the polymeric catechin had an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus stronger than the monomer, and an antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger comparable to that of (+)-catechin. The material made on the basis of (+)-catechin can potentially be used as a pro-ecological stabilizer and functional additive, e.g., for polymeric materials as well as dressing materials in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Masek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-631-32-93-X
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 71/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Natural Polymeric Compound Based on High Thermal Stability Catechin from Green Tea. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081191. [PMID: 32824310 PMCID: PMC7464854 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechin is a plant polyphenol with valuable antioxidant and health-promoting properties. Polymerization is one way to stabilize flavonoids and may cause changes in their specific properties. The aim of this study is to obtain a polymeric complex catechin compound with high thermal stability. As a result of polymerization, a condensed and cross-linked catechin structure was obtained, which guaranteed high thermal resistance and, moreover, the phosphorus groups added in the second step of polymerization ensured that the compound obtained had thermal stability higher than natural condensed tannins. The first step of self-polymerization of (+)-catechin may be an easy way to obtain proanthocyanidins with greater antioxidant activity. The second step of the polymerization obtained a polymeric complex catechin compound that showed better thermal stability than catechin. This compound can potentially be used as a new pro-ecological thermal stabilizer.
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Biodegradable Polyester Materials Containing Gallates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030677. [PMID: 32197535 PMCID: PMC7182846 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallates are widely used as antioxidants in the food and cosmetics industries. The purpose of the study was to obtain pro-ecological materials based on biodegradable polyesters, such as polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), and gallates. Gallates (ethyl, propyl, octyl, and lauryl) have not been used so far in biodegradable polymers as stabilizers and indicators of aging. This manuscript examines the properties of gallates such as antioxidant capacity and thermal stability. This paper also presents the following analyses of polymer materials: specific migration of gallates from polymers, SEM microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction, mechanical properties, surface free energy, and determination of change of color after controlled UV exposure, thermooxidation, and weathering. All gallates showed strong antioxidant properties and good thermal stability. Due to these properties, in particular their high oxidation temperature, gallates can be successfully used as polyester stabilizers. Biodegradable polyesters containing gallates can be an environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical packaging materials.
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. The application of natural food colorants as indicator substances in intelligent biodegradable packaging materials. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Masek A, Chrzescijanska E, Latos-Brozio M, Zaborski M. Characteristics of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4,-naphthoquinone) using voltammetry and spectrophotometric methods. Food Chem 2019; 301:125279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Structure-Activity Relationships Analysis of Monomeric and Polymeric Polyphenols (Quercetin, Rutin and Catechin) Obtained by Various Polymerization Methods. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900426. [PMID: 31657102 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols, especially flavonoids, are active and pro-health substances found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin and its glycoside rutin are representatives of flavonoids, commonly found in plant products. Catechins found in large quantities in tea are also a well-known group of natural polyphenols. These compounds are based on the structure of flavan-3-ol, which is why the number, positions and types of substitutions affect the scavenging of radicals and other properties. Despite some inconsistent evidence, several structure-activity relationships of monomeric flavonoids are well established in vitro. However, the relationships between the activity and other properties of the polymeric forms of flavonoids and their structures are poorly understood so far. The aim of this article is to compare the data on polymerization of quercetin, rutin and catechin, as well as to systematize knowledge about the structure-activity relationship of the polymeric forms of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, 90-924, Lodz, Stefanowskiego 12/16, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, 90-924, Lodz, Stefanowskiego 12/16, Poland
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Masek A, Latos-Brozio M. The Effect of Substances of Plant Origin on the Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Ageing of Aliphatic Polyesters (PLA, PHA). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1252. [PMID: 30961177 PMCID: PMC6401740 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The stabilization efficiency of flavonoids (rutin and hesperidin) in polyester (polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkaonate (PHA)) composites under oxygen at high temperature was investigated. The polymer was homogenized with three antioxidants then processed by extrusion. The effects of stabilizers on the following physicochemical properties were investigated: melt flow, Vicat softening temperature, surface energy, and color change (Cie-Lab space). The aim of this study was to improve the stability of aliphatic polyesters by extending and controlling their lifetime. Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC and Thermogravimetric analysis DTG methods were used to confirm the stabilizing effects (the inhibition of oxidation) of flavonoids (rutin and hesperidin) on the ageing process of biodegradable polymers. The levels of migration of plant antioxidants from PLA and PHA were determined and compared to the industrial stabilizer (Chimassorb 944 UV absorber). Based on this study, a comparable-to-higher efficiency of the proposed flavonoids for the stabilization of polyesters was found when compared to the commercial stabilizers. Thus, in the future, natural plant-derived substances may replace toxic hindered amines, which are commonly used as light stabilizers (HALS-Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) in the polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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