Synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite from Hypopthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) bone waste by two different methods: a comparative biophysical and in vitro evaluation on osteoblast MG63 cell lines

More than a thousand tonnes of fish bone wastes can be transformed into biomedical products annually. Alkaline hydrolysis and thermal calcification were used to create nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals from Silver carp bone wastes. Biophysical tests were used to determine the nano size and chemical composition of synthesised hydroxyapatite. Alkaline hydrolysis hydroxyapatite (AH-HAp) was 58.3 nm, while Thermal calcination hydroxyapatite (TC-HAp) was 64.3 nm in size, confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis studies showed Ca/P (Calcium phosphate) ratio of AH-HAp to be 1.65, whereas TC-HAp as 1.45, confirming AH-HAp to be organically rich along with a similar Ca/P ratio as natural HAp. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy spectra indicated HAp formation from both procedures, however AH-HAp had superior crystallinity than TC-HAp confirmed from X-Ray Diffraction spectra. MG63 osteoblast cell lines showed 91% cell viability in cytotoxicity studies and 70.1% proliferation efficiency in Alkaline Phosphatase assay, which was higher than TC-HAp. The present study shows that HAp produced via alkaline hydrolysis has better biocompatibility which enhances its applicability as a biomaterial, than HAp synthesized through thermal calcination, which tends to incinerate organic moieties.